INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

IN  AMERICA 

A  Directory  of  the  Work  for  the  Blind 
in  the  United  States  and  Canada 


COMPILED  IN  1916    BY      ■ 

Charles  F.  F.  and  Mary  D.  Campbell 


Reprinted  from 

The  American  Encyclopedia  of  Ophthalmology 

Volume  IX 


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INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 
IN  AMERICA 


A  directory  of  the  work  for  the  Blind 
in  the  United  States  and  Canada 


Compiled  in   1916  by 

CHARLES  F.  F.  AND  MARY  D.  CAMPBELL 

Kditors:  "Outlook  for  the  Blind" 


ILLUSTRATED 


Reprinted  from  the 

AMERICAN  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  OPHTHALMOLOGY 

VOLUME  IX. 


t 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  IN  AMERICA 


Probably  every  ophthalmologist  has,  at  some  time  or  other,  been 
asked  where  and  how  a  blind  person  can  be  schooled  or  otherwise 
armed  for  the  battle  of  life.  In  the  following  survey,  we  have  en- 
deavored to  make  it  possible  for  an  inquirer  in  any  one  of  the  United 
States,  or  provinces  of  Canada,  by  referring  to  this  section  of  the 
Encyclopedia,  to  find  just  what  are  the  resources  for  the  blind  in  his 
own  locality. 

We  have  deliberately  refrained  from  lengthy  statements  with  regard 
to  the  education  and  training  of  the  blind  on  this  continent  in  the 
belief  that  the  accompanying  series  of  illustrations  with  their  captions 
will  be  more  effective  than  many  words.  It  will  be  observed,  starting 
with  the  care  of  infants,  as  exemplified  in  a  nursery  for  blind  babies 
and  ending  with  assistance  for  adults,  that  we  show  with  these  pictures 
practically  every  phase  of  work  for  and  by  tin-  blind  in  America. 
The  illustrations  arc  typical  of  the  best  work  in  the  country. 

By  referring  to  the  sub-sections  dealing  with  one's  own  state  or 
province  there  will  be  found  the  agencies  in  that  locality  available  for 
the  blind.  If  there  is  no  institution  or  organization  in  a  particular 
commonwealth  applicable  to  the  particular  needs  of  the  person  in  whom 
one  may  be  interested,  apply  to  the  superintendent  of  the  existing 
institution.  He  will  he  glad  to  direct  the  applicant  to  the  nearest 
source  of  help. 

Historical  sketch.  In  the  United  States  the  first  attempt  to  be  of 
service  to  the  blind  was  made  in  behalf  of  the  education  of  blind 
children,  as  few  of  the  handicapped  make  a  stronger  appeal  than  the 
blind  child.  The  first  schools  were  started  in  the  eastern  states; 
Boston.  New  York,  and  Philadelphia  opening  them  in  the  early  thirties. 
It  matters  little  which  of  these  institutions  actually  began  teaching 
blind  children  first.  Suffice  it  to  say  that  by  1835  the  work  was  well 
under  way  in  each  of  these  cities,  and.  as  so  frerpiently  the  custom  with 
pioneer  work  of  an  educational  and  philanthropic  nature,  the  main- 
tenance of  these  institutions  was  secured  from  public-spirited  indi- 
viduals. It  was  not  long,  however,  before  appeals  were  made  to  the 
legislatures,  and  state  aid  was  soon  forthcoming  for  the  education  of 
blind  children,  not  only  in  the  three  above  mentioned  cities,  but  in 
other  parts  of  the  country.  The  dates  of  the  founding  of  the  various 
schools  are  given  as  the  facts  about  each  institution  are  recorded. 

5 

373953 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

Almost  ;ill  those  win)  began  working  for  blind  children  sooner  or 
later  were  confronted  with  the  problem  of  Mind  adults;  not  only 
children  who  grew  up  into  adults,  but  also  those  who  lost  their  sight 
later  in  life.  Vrvx  naturally  those  who  were  responsible  for  the  man- 
agemenl  of  early  institutions  for  the  education  of  the  blind  youth,  felt 
it  incumbenl  upon  them  to  do  what  they  could  for  Mind  adults,  with 
the  result  thai  in  most  of  the  earlier  schools  for  the  blind  in  the 
United  States  small  workshops  or  departments  were  maintained  for 
the  instruction  ami  employmenl  of  blind  men  and  women. 

It  was  soon  recognized  by  educators  of  the  blind  that  it  was  unwise 
to  have  adults  mingle  with  children,  so  thai  gradually  the  department 
tor  adults  was  separated  from  the  rest  of  the  institution,  ami  almost 
all  of  the  state  schools  for  the  blind  were  devoted  principally  to  the 
education  of  blind   youth. 

Strange  as  il  may  seem,  no  general  movemenl  swept  over  the  country 
during  the  nineteenth  century  for  the  training  and  care  of  the  adult 
blind,  such  as  manifested  itself  for  the  education  of  blind  children. 
There  were,  however,  notable  exceptions  in  several  states  of  which 
mention  ought  to  be  made.  Dr.  Samuel  Gridley  Howe,  who  is  recog 
nized  by  all  as  the  pioneer  worker  for  the  blind  in  America,  established 
a  workshop  for  blind  adults  in  1848.  which  was  in  reality  an  off-shoot 
from  the  older  educational  institution  for  blind  children.  This  shop, 
in  which  mattress-making  and  chair-caning  are  the  principal  industries, 
is  still   in  existence. 

The  Xew  York  City  ami  .Maryland  schools  for  the  blind  spent  con- 
siderable money  in  efforts  to  operate  industrial  establishments  for 
blind  adults,  and  the  Maryland  school  shop,  continued  to  the  present 
day.  has  become  the  .Maryland  Workshop  for  the  Blind.  The  depart- 
ment for  adults  of  the  Xew  York  Institute  was  not  continued,  but  in 
1869  the  Society  for  the  Relief  of  the  Destitute  Blind  of  Xew  York 
City  opened  a  home  which  is  now  located  at  104th  Street  and  Amster- 
dam Avenue.  In  1868  and  1874  respectively,  a  working  home  for 
blind  women  and  a  working  home  for  blind  men  were  established  in 
Philadelphia.  While  these  institutions  were  not  the  direct  outgrowth 
of  departments  of  the  Philadelphia  School  for  the  Blind,  the  manage- 
ineiit  of  the  school  was  very  much  interested  in  having  practical  work 
undertaken    for  the  adult  blind. 

The  tirst  home  teaching  society  to  be  established  in  America  was 
founded  in  Philadelphia  by  Dr.  Moon,  the  creator  of  the  Moon 
alphabet  (See  p.  259,  Vol.  T.  of  this  Encyclopedia.)  for  the  blind,  and 
was  conducted  along  the  general  lines  pursued  by  the  English  Home 
Teaching  Societies.     The  Pennsylvania   Home  Teaching  Society  did 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

not  expand  to  any  greal  extent  during  the  first  years  of  its  existence, 
and  confined  most  of  its  efforts  to  Philadelphia.  In  1892  a  movement 
was  set  on  foot  in  Connecticut  which  resulted  in  the  establishment 
of  the  Institute  for  the  Blind  of  that  state,  and  started  a  wave  of 
interest  in  adults  that  soon  reached  Massachusetts,  where  instruction 
for  blind  adults  in  their  homes  was  first  provided  at  state  expense  in 
1900. 

With  the  opening  of  the  twentieth  century,  we  find  the  beginning 
of  an  ever  increasing  effort  to  provide  adequately  for  the  care  of  the 
adult  blind.  In  1903  the  first  of  many  associations  for  the  blind  was 
started  in  Massachusetts.  It  was  also  in  1903  that  the  legislatures  of 
both  Massachusetts  and  New  York  appointed  temporary  commissions, 
which  were  directed  to  investigate  the  condition  and  needs  of  the  blind 
in  their  respective  states.  In  1906,  the  temporary  commission  of 
Massachusetts  was  followed  by  the  appointment  of  the  first  permanent 
State  Commission  for  the  Blind  in  the  United  States.  Almosl  every 
year  since  has  witnessed  in  one  or  more  states  the  beginning  of  some 
kind  of  state  supported  work  for  blind  adults,  and  also  for  the  pre- 
vention of  blindness. 

Even  before  this  section  is  printed  new  activities  for  the  blind  will 
undoubtedly  be  undertaken  in  different  parts  of  the  country.  Infor- 
mation about  these  more  recent  endeavors  can  be  found  in  the  Outlook 
for  the  Blind,  published  in  Columbus,  Ohio,  the  official  organ  of  the 
American  Association  of  Instructors  of  the  Blind  and  the  American 
Association  of  Workers  for  the  Blind,  the  two  national  organizations 
of  this  country  devoted  to  the  interests  of  the  blind. 

With  the  exception  of  a  few  of  the  oldes  eastern  schools  for  the 
blind,  every  institution  for  the  education  of  blind  children  is  sup- 
ported at  public  expense.  Even  the  schools  which  have  private  endow- 
ments receive  more  or  less  state  aid.  The  requirements  for  admission. 
the  course  and  term  of  instruction  and  the  general  plan  of  work  in 
every  school  for  the  blind  in  the  United  States  are  so  similar  that, 
instead  of  repeating  the  same  item  under  each  school,  we  give  an 
outline  of  the  work  in  a  typical  school  for  the  blind.  When  referring 
to  the  individual  institutions,  we  call  attention  to  special  features  in 
which  they  differ  from  this  "typical  school." 

As  with  residential  schools,  so  with  the  training  of  blind  children 
in  the  public  schools ;  the  plan  is  exactly  the  same  in  all  of  the  cities 
in  which  blind  children  attend  public  schools.  We,  therefore,  give  a 
brief  sketch  of  the  method  followed  for  training  such  children,  and, 
as  above  indicated,  will  not  repeat  this  statement  for  the  various  cities 
in  which  such  work  is  being  done. 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  9 

Commissions,  associations,  libraries,  and  pensions  for  the  blind 
likewise  have  fundamental  underlying  principles  which  are  common 
to  all  of  them,  and  we  give  what  might  be  termed  the  objects  of  these 
in  the  following  general  statement.  See.  in  this  connection,  the  various 
Blind  as  well  as  Blindness  captions  beginning  with  p.  116,  Vol.  II, 
of  this  Encyclopedia;  also  Alphabets  and  literature  for  the  blind, 
p.  249,  Vol.  I. 

RESIDENTIAL    SCHOOLS    FOR    THE    BLIND. 

These  schools  arc,  generally  speaking,  open  to  all  blind  children  of 
the  state  who  are  mentally  normal  and  are  at  least  live  years  of  age. 
and  not  over  twenty.  There  is  some  slight  variation  in  these  age 
limits,  hut  the  precise  requirements  of  each  institution  will  be  furnished 
upon  application.  The  vision  of  applicants  must  be  too  defective  to 
permit  them  to  follow  the  usual  methods  adopted  in  public  schools 
for  the  education  of  those  who  see.  The  course  of  instruction  is  very 
similar  to  that  given  in  the  public  schools.  Tt  should  be  noted,  however, 
that  inasmuch  as  considerable  additional  time  has  to  be  devoted  to 
either  professional  or  trade  training  during  the  closing  years  of  the 
student's  term,  the  upper  grades  in  some  of  the  schools  do  not  entirely 
approximate  similar  grades  in  the  public  schools.  Every  school  for 
the  blind  has  a  more  or  less  full  course  in  musical  education  for  those 
who  are  qualified  to  benefit  by  the  same.  Vocal,  pianoforte,  and,  in 
many  schools,  organ  instruction  is  provided,  and.  in  a  limited  number. 
training  is  given  upon  orchestral  instruments,  and  sometimes  there  is 
a  voluntary  hand.  Every  school  gives  a  course  in  piano-tuning  and 
repairing,  and  many  schools  have  recently  purchased  the  "actions" 
of  various  piano  players  so  thai  prospective  tuners  may  have  experience 
with  this  increasingly  popular  instrument.  Practically  every  school 
gives  training  in  various  trades,  those  most  usually  found  being  broom, 
basket,  and  mattress  making,  rag  carpet  and  art  fabric  weaving,  and 
re-seating  of  chairs.  Girls  are  all  taught  hand  and  machine  sewing, 
crocheting  and  knitting,  and  in  most  schools  are  given  a  more  or  less 
extensive  course  in  domestic  science.  In  all  the  schools  physical  train- 
ing is  given.  A  number  of  schools  have  removed  from  crowded  city 
premises  to  sites  in  the  country  where  ample  playgrounds  are  provided. 

We  are  unable  to  give  any  satisfactory  average  number  of  years 
that  pupils  attend  state  schools.  Students  are  usually  allowed  to 
remain  as  long  as  the  school  is  able  to  give  them  any  real  help. 

It  cannot  be  too  emphatically  emphasized  that  these  institutions  are 
not  "Homes"  or  "Asylums"  to  which  blind  children  can  be  sent  for 
permanent  custodial  care,  but  hoarding  schools  for  those  who  have 


12  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

been  so  unfortunate  as  to  lose  their  sight.  Every  child  leaves  the 
school  during  the  long  summer  vacation.  It  should  also  be  men- 
tioned thai  parents  or  guardians  have  to  provide  clothing  for  the 
children  dining  their  education.  The  aim  of  every  school  for  the 
blind  in  this  country  is  to  fit  the  students  for  life,  that  they  may  become 
wholly,  or  in  part,  Belf-supporting,  and  take  their  places  in  the  com- 
munity as  respected  and  self  respecting  citizens.  There  are  a  few 
states  which  have  not,  as  yet,  schools  of  their  own;  they  make  appro- 
priations so  that  their  blind  children  can  he  sent  to  schools  in  neigh- 
boring states.  So  general  is  this  provision  that  every  normal  blind 
child  in  North  America  can  secure,  free  of  expense,  an  excellent  edu- 
cation and  1  raining.  No  other  country  in  the  world  makes  such 
liberal  provision  for  the  education  of  its  blind  youth,  mostly  at  the 
expense  of  the  state. 

Alunrni  associations.  Most  schools  for  the  blind  have  alumni  asso- 
ciations which  meet  more  or  less  frequently.  Some  of  the  organizations 
have  been  very  active  and  have  played  a  prominent  part  in  fostering 
progressive  movements  in  behalf  of  the  blind,  not  only  for  graduates 
of  the  institutions  they  represented,  but  also  for  men  and  women 
blinded  in  adult  life. 

CO-EDUCATION    OK   THE    BLIND,    THE   SEMI-BLIND,    AND   THE   SEEING   IN- 
PUBLIC   SCHOOLS. 

Tlie  first  attempt  in  America  to  educate  blind  children  side  by  side 
with  those  who  see  was  made  in  Chicago.  This  method  of  educating 
the  blind  had  been  begun  more  than  half  a  century  ago  in  Paisley, 
Scotland,  and  in  London,  England.  In  passing,  however,  it  should  be 
mentioned  that  the  plan  in  England  later  resolved  itself  into  what 
might  be  termed  "day  school  centers"  for  blind  children,  to  which 
the  pupils  were  brought  from  their  surrounding  homes  day  by  day  but 
were  not  placed  in  classes  with  their  seeing  companions,  as  is  the 
characteristic  feature 'of  the  present  American  plan. 

The  Chicago  or,  as  it  is  more  generally  known,  "the  day  school  plan." 
is  as  follows:  A  group  of  children,  usually  not  more  than  ten,  come 
to  one  of  the  public  schools  in  the  neighborhood  of  their  homes.  This 
group  of  bl i ml  children  is  assigned  to  a  special  teacher,  and  to  a 
special  room.  The  children  may  lie  of  all  ages,  and  therefore  of 
various  grades  in  scholarship.  The  first  duty  of  the  instructor  is  to 
train  the  pupils  to  make  use  of  the  devices  used  by  the  blind  to  enable 
them  to  interpret  with  their  fingers  the  text-books  used  by  the  seeing. 
As  soon  as  a  blind  child  is  able  to  use  these  devices  with  sufficient 
accuracy  and  speed,  he  then  goes  into  the  class-room  of  seeing  children 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  13 

of  about  the  same  age,  and  takes  part  with  his  seeing  companions  in 
the  regular  school  work.  If  the  class  happens  to  be  reading,  the  blind 
child  produces  his  raised  type  copy  of  the  book  used  by  his  seeing 
companions  and  takes  his  turn  in  the  same  way  as  does  his  sighted 
classmate.  The  younger  blind  children  write  their  compositions  in 
raised  dots.  These  are  later  transcribed  by  the  special  teacher  and 
passed  on  to  the  grade  teacher  for  correction  with  the  papers  prepared 
by  the  seeing  children.  Older  blind  children  prepare  their  work  on 
the  typewriter  and  hand  it  to  the  teacher  of  the  grade  room  in  which 
they  are  enrolled. 

It  will  be  recognized  immediately  that  this  method  of  education  is 
only  available  in  cities  where  there  are  at  least  ten  or  more  blind 
children.  As  the  population  of  this  country  is  very  scattered,  there 
always  will  be'  a  need  for  a  centrally  located  residential  state  insti- 
tution. Furthermore,  "the  day  school  plan"  has  been  in  operation 
too  short  a  time  for  one  to  make  any  general  assertion  as  to  its  ultimate 
or  comparative  success  or  failure.  The  points  in  its  favor  are  economy, 
normal  home  life  and  association  and  immediate  and  constant  com- 
petition with  the  seeing.  The  greatest  problem  confronting  those 
responsible  for  this  method  of  education  is  how  to  provide  for  the 
student's  professional  or  trade  training.  Progressive  and  broad- 
minded  superintendents  of  residential  schools  for  the  blind  do  not 
look  upon  "the  day  school  plan"'  as  a  competitive  method  of  educating 
the  blind.  1ml  rather  as  a  plan  which  calls  for  the  heartiest  cooperation. 
By  a  well-balanced  and  practical  working  together  of  the  supervisors 
of  blind  children  in  both  residential  and  day  schools  the  best  results 
can  unquestionably  be  secured. 

There  is  one  development  of  the  clay  school  work  which  should 
receive  special  mention.  A  number  of  cities,  notably  Boston,  Cleve- 
land. Cincinnati.  Toledo,  and  New  York,  have  made  special  provision 
for  children  with  defective  eyesight  who  are  not  usually  considered 
blind.  These  pupils  have  sufficient  vision  to  enable  them  to  do  a 
limited  amount  of  reading  of  ordinary  print,  but  their  defective  sight 
handicaps  them  in  attempting  the  work  of  the  regular  class-room. 
Special  rooms  having  as  nearly  ideal  lighting  conditions  as  can  be 
found  have  been  set  aside  for  these  partially-blind  children. 

The  method  of  instruction  followed  makes  a  judicious  use  of  what 
vision  these  pupils  possess,  but  great  care  is  exercised  not  to  overtax 
their  weak  eyes.  Much  of  the  written  work  is  done  on  the  blackboard, 
though  some  pupils  are  permitted  to  use  a  soft  pencil,  writing  in  very 
large  letters  upon  unglazed  paper.  Liberal  use  is  also  made  of  the 
typewriter.     Text  books  in  large  print  have  been  prepared  for  use 


14  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

in  these  classes.  The  pupils  attend  the  grade  rooms  in  the  building, 
for  such  work  as  they  can  do  orally  or  in  a  way  not  to  strain  their 
eyes. 

In  Cleveland,  where  this  work  lias  been  most  thoroughly  organized, 

no  reasonable  expenditure  of  i ey  accessary  to  bring  the  work  of 

these  classes  up  to  the  highesl  efficiency  lias  been  spared.  Here  it  has 
been  found  thai  children  needing  the  assistance  of  such  special 
classes  outnumber  to  a  marked  degree  the  children  who  are  totally 
blind. 

COMMISSIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND. 

Organizations  committed  to  the  interests  of  the  blind,  whether  main- 
tained by  state  or  private  funds,  follow  the  same  genera]  plan,  and 
as  we  have  given  the  fundamentals  of  a  typical  school  for  the  blind, 
it  seems  desirable  to  indicate  what  activities  are  carried  on  by  the 
organizations  concerned  with  the  welfare  of  the  adult  blind.  These 
commissions  tnighl  be  said  to  concern  themselves  with  all  the  blind 
who  lose  their  sight  too  late  to  he  admitted  to  schools  for  blind  youth, 
and  also  with  the  prevention  of  unnecessary  blindness.  The  Massa- 
chusetts Commission,  which  may  fairly  lie  said  to  be  the  forerunner 
'of  much  of  the  work  for  the  adult  blind,  summarize  their  activities  as 
follows:  J.  Maintenance  of  bureau  of  information  and  advice.  '2. 
Industrial  training  of  blind  adults.  3.  Employment  of  blind  men  and 
women  in  shops  and  in  their  own  homes;  also  through  salesroom  and 
special  sales.  4.  Fostering  of  home  industries  by  loans,  equipment. 
etc.  5.  Reporting  to  other  agencies  for  schooling,  medical  care,  relief, 
recreation,  etc.  6.  Acquainting  tin1  public  with  the  capabilities  of 
the  blind.  7.  Promoting  non-medical  work  for  prevention  of  blindness 
and  conservation  of  eyesight. 

In  each  state  where  work  for  the  adnlt  blind  is  being  undertaken  it 
will  be  found  thai  some,  or  all.  of  the  before  mentioned  activities  are 
being  carried  on.  and  in  almost  every  instance  some  form  of  home 
instruction  is  being  given. 

In  conclusion,  it  should  he  said  that  all  organizations  for  the  adnlt 
blind,  whether  supported  by  state  or  by  private  funds,  make  a  greal 
effort  to  solve  the  problem,  as  far  as  possible,  of  each  individual  blind 
person.  The  circumstances  connected  with  each  case  are  given  the 
mosl  careful  consideration,  and  an  effort  is  made  to  adjust  thai  person, 
in  spife  of  his  blindness,  to  a  life  of  usefulness  ami  contentment. 

ASSOC!  \TI(»\s  FOB  'I'lli:  BLIND. 

In  a  general  way.  il  may  be  said  that  associations  for  the  blind 
attempt  to  carry  out  a  part,  il'  not  all.  of  the  program  which  is  followed 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  15 

by  almost  all  Commissions  for  the  Blind.  Of  course  it  will  be  under- 
stood that  all  State  Commissions  for  the  Blind  are  maintained  at  the 
expense  of  the  state,  whereas  associations  derive  their  income  from 
philanthropic  sources.  Some  of  these  associations  have  sufficiently 
large  annual  budgets  to  undertake  almost  all  of  the  work  of  a  Com- 
mission, but  usually  an  association's  activities  are  confined  to  a  large 
city  rather  than  to  a  state.  Furthermore,  tew  of  the  associations  have 
dour  very  much  as  yet  relative  to  the  prevention  of  blindness,  except 
by  arousing  public  interest  in  the  necessity  for  such  work  and  by 
securing  legislation  for  more  effective  measures.  It  should  be  noted 
thai  most  of  the  Commissions  for  the  Blind  have  tome  into  existence 
as  a  direct  result  of  the  activities  of  the  associations  for  the  blind. 

LIBRARIES    I'"i;    THE   BLIND. 

Every  school  for  the  blind  lias  a  Large  collection  of  books  in  some 
form  of  tactile  print,  and  in  many  of  these  institutions  libraries  are 
available  to  readers  throughout  their  respective  localities.  In  most 
states  a  city  or  stale  library  maintains  a  department  for  the  blind, 
which  is  usually  available  to  residents  of  the  state.  Details  will  be 
found  under  the   respective  stales. 

PENSIONS  FOR  'I'm:  BLIND. 

It  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  although  monetary  relief  was  accepted 
as  a  practical  form  of  assisting  the  blind  in  England  200  years  ago, 
no  very  serious  effort  was  made  in  America  to  aid  the  blind  in  this 
manner  until  this  century.  Pensions  in  England  are  provided  from 
funds  raised  through  charitable  sources,  while  in  America  there  is 
very  little  assistance  of  this  hind  which  is  not  appropriated  from  city 
or  state  funds.  In  1875  the  city  of  New  York  began  giving  a  pension 
of  $50  a  year  to  its  blind  citizens,  hut.  so  far  as  known,  no  other 
municipality  has  undertaken  a  similar  method  of  assisting  ds  blind. 
In  ISPS  friends  of  the  blind  secured  a  modification  of  the  Poor  Laws 
of  Ohio  and  a  special  section  was  inserted  providing  relief  for  the  blind 
not  to  exceed  $100  per  annum.  In  1904  a  state  "Pension  Law  for  the 
Blind"  was  passed  in  Ohio,  but  was  declared  unconstitutional  on  the 
ground  of  "class  legislation.*'  In  1908  a  bill  was  passed  "For  the 
Relief  of  the  Needy  Blind"  with  a  maximum  allowance  of  $150  per 
year,  payable  quarterly.  Illinois  passed  a.  similar  law  in  1903,  but  it 
was  optional  with  the  counties  whether  they  would  make  any  payments 
or  not.  and.  until  1916.  when  the  law  became  mandatory,  little  attention 
was  paid  to  it.  At  the  present  time,  the  states  of  Illinois,  Iowa,  Ohio. 
Maine.  New  Hampshire  and  "Wisconsin,  and  the  city  of  New  York  are 
providing  outdoor  relief  for  the  blind. 


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18  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

The  writer  and  compiler  of  the  following  reports  wishes  to  thank 
those  workers  for  the  blind — hailing  from  every  stale  and  province — 
who  have  furnished  and  revised  the  material  herein  presented.  Their 
eooperation  has  enabled  him  to  furnish  the  most  accurate  data  possible. 

UNITED  STATES. 

ALABAMA. 

School  for  tin  lilind,  Talladega.  School  for  whites,  founded  1888. 
Capacity,  100  pupils.  Valuation  of  plant,  $100,000.  Annual  state 
appropriation,  $230.00  per  capita,  based  on  attendance  January  1st. 
For  requirements  for  admission,  course,  term,  and  purpose  of  instruc- 
tion, see  the  Introduction  to  this  section.  Superintendent,  F.  H. 
Manning. 

Industrial  School  for  White  Blind  Men,  Talladega.  As  a  result 
of  the  efforts  of  J.  S.  Laverty,  a  blind  member  of  the  Alabama  Legisla- 
ture, a  bill  was  passed  in  1915  creating  an  industrial  school  for  white 
blind  men.  No  appropriation  will  be  made  until  February  1,  1917, 
when  $10,000  becomes  available  for  buildings,  and  $100  per  capita  is  to 
he  allowed  for  maintenance.  This  school  is  to  be  under  the  manage- 
ment of  a  board  of  seven  trustees,  of  which  Mr.  Laverty  is  the 
president. 

Libraries  for  the  Blind,  Montgomery,  Department  of  Archives  and 
History,  88  volumes,  66  titles. 

Talladega,  School  for  the  Blind,  1,101  titles. 

ARIZONA. 

State  aid  for  blind  infants.  A  law  was  passed  in  1912  empowering 
the  State  Board  of  Education  to  provide  suitable  care,  maintenance 
and  instruction  for  blind  babies  and  children  under  school  age  in 
any  institute  in  Arizona,  or  any  other  state,  at  the  rate  of  $1.00  a  day. 
This  care  and  training  shall  continue  until  the  child  attains  the  age 
of  six  years,  and  at  the  discretion  of  the  board  of  education  it  may 
continue  until  the  child  reaches  the  age  of  twelve  years. 

E<1  n  rut  ion  of  lilind  youth.  At  present.  Arizona  has  no  state  school 
for  the  blind,  hut  it  sends  blind  children  of  school  age  to  schools  for 
the  blind   in  neighboring  states. 

ARKANSAS. 

School  for  the  Blind,  hitll,  Hock.  Founded.  1859.  Capacity,  120 
pupils.  Valuation  of  plant.  $350,000.  Annual  state  appropriation. 
$45,000.     For  requirements  for  admission,  course,  term,  and  purpose 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  19 

of  instruction,  see  the  Introduction  to  this  section.  The  school  owns 
about  12  acres  of  land,  four  of  which  are  available  for  athletics.  There 
is  a  gymnasium.     Superintendent,  John  H.  Hinemon. 

Library  for  the  Blind,  Little  Rock,  School  for  the  Blind,  1,770 
volumes,  407  titles. 

CALIFORNIA. 

Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  the  Blind,  Berkeley.  Founded,  1860. 
Capacity,  100  (blind)  pupils.  Valuation  of  plant,  $1,319,443.88;  an- 
nual state  appropriation,  $107,500  (both  departments).  For  require- 
ments for  admission,  course,  term,  and  purpose  of  instruction,  see  the 
Introduction  to  this  section.  The  school  occupies  a  tract  of  130  acres. 
Playground-  space  covers  3  acres.  Magnificent  new  gymnasium  and 
swimminpi  pool  completed  in  1915.    Principal,  L.  E.  Milligan. 

/ nd ust rial  II nun  of  Mechanical  Trades  for  the  Adult  Blind,  Oakland. 
Founded,  1885.  Capacity,  140.  Valuation  of  plant,  $200,000.  An- 
nual state  appropriation,  $31,500.  Needy,  blind  adult  residents  of 
( 'alifornia  are  eligible  for  admission  when  vacancies  occur.  There  is 
usually  a  waiting  list.  The  principal  trade  for  the  men  is  broom- 
making.  A  few  devote  their  time  to  hammock-,  broom-,  bag-  and 
mattress-making,  and  chair-caning,  and  the  women  confine  themselves 
to  fancy  work.  When  the  men  reach  the  time  of  life  when  they  are 
unable  to  work  in  the  shops,  they  are  allowed  to  spend  their  declining 
years  in  the  institution.  This  was  the  second  institution  to  be  estab- 
lished in  America,  not  connected  with  a  school  for  the  blind,  for  the 
industrial  employment  of  the  adult  blind,  and  largely  as  the  result  of 
the  efforts  of  a  blind  man,  Joseph  Sanders.  Superintendent,  Joseph 
Sanders. 

San  Francisco  Association  for  the  Blind,  1526  California  Street. 
Work  for  the  adult  blind  in  San  Francisco  started  as  a  reading  room 
and  library  for  the  blind  in  1902  by  Mrs.  Andrew  Rowan,  the  free 
public  library  giving  the  use  of  a  basement  room  in  one  of  its  branches. 
Patrons  of  the  reading  room  are  read  to,  and  monthly  entertainments 
are  planned  for  recreation  purposes.  In  1906  fire  destroyed  all  of 
the  books  and  property  of  the  association,  and  since  that  time  re- 
construction and  expansion  have  gone  on  effectively,  industrial  training 
and  employment  having  been  added  to  its  activities.  The  organization 
aims  to  assist  any  adult  blind  citizen  of  San  Francisco  who  may  need 
it.  Its  present  home  was  purchased  in  1913.  The  organization  is 
supported  entirely  by  voluntary  contributions.  Principal  industries 
are  basket-  and  broom-making.     The  activities  of  the  organization  are 


20  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

carried  on  practically  throughout  the  year.  Fifteen  men  are  employed 
regularly,  and  100  helped.     President,  Mrs.  Myer  Friedman. 

Staii  paid  rani,  rs  for  blind  students.  The  Legislature  in  1915 
passed  a  law  whereby  blind  graduates  of  the  State  School  for  the 
J  Wind  in  Berkeley,  attending  the  University  of  California,  or  any  of 

the  state  normal  schools,  shall  be  provided  with  funds  necessary  to 
employ  seeing  persons  to  read  to  them  from  text-books  required  for  the 
course  taken  by  the  student;  provided,  however,  thai  not  more  than 
$300,  per  annum,  per  individual,  be  expended.  This  fund  is  under  the 
control  of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  State  School  for  the  Blind. 

Stait  paid  home  teaching.  In  1913  provision  was  made  that  the 
state  Library  employ  a  home  teacher  for  the  blind.  At  the  present 
time  one  blind  home  teacher  is  employed,  and  confines  most  of  her 
efforts  to  Southern  California. 

California  Society  for  thi  Prevention  of  Blindness.  The  purpose 
of  the  organization  is  embodied  in  the  title  of  the  society.  President, 
C.  S.  G.  Nagel,  M.  I)..  Head  Bldg.,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Libraries  for  tin  blind.  Berkeley.  School  for  the  Blind,  1,500 
volumes.  400  titles.     The  school  does  not  circulate  its  books. 

Sacramento.  State  Library.  ?,602  volumes.  1.752  titles.  Books  cir- 
culated not  only  throughout  California,  but  to  neighboring  states  not 
having  libraries  for  the  blind.  A  printed  catalog  may  be  had  upon 
application. 

San  Francisco.     Association  for  the  Blind.  400  volumes. 

COLORADO. 

School  for  the  Deaf  and  tlu  Blind,  Colorado  Springs.  Department 
for  tin'  blind  founded  in  1883.  Capacity,  50  blind  pupils.  Valuation 
of  plants  (both  departments),  $390,000.  Annual  state  appropriation 
(both  departments).  $89,000.  For  requirements  for  admission,  course, 
term,  and  purpose  of  instruction,  see  the  Introduction  to  this  section. 
Poultry  raising  is  given  special  attention.  The  school  proper  occupies 
24  acres  of  land,  while  there  are  also  available  200  acres  on  a  ranch 
three-quarters  of  a  mile  away.  Ten  acres  are  used  for  athletics. 
There  is  a  gymnasium.     Superintendent,  W.  K.  Argo. 

Industrial  Workshop  for  lh,  Blind,  618  E.  Arizona  Avenue.  Denver. 
Founded  in  1912;  capacity,  20  workers;  valuation  of  plant.  $2,000: 
annual  state  appropriation,  $6,000.  This  shop  is  available  for  blind 
persons  who  have  been  citizens  of  Colorado  for  at  least  three  years, 
and  are  over  21  years  of  age.  The  workshop  and  salesroom  are  open 
throughout  the  year. 

State  home  teachinc/.     The  Legislature   fin  1913)  made  it  possible 


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22  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

for  the  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  to  employ  a  blind 
person  to  give  instruction  to  the  adult  blind  in  their  own  homes. 
While  this  instruction  is  under  the  direction  of  the  State  Superin- 
tendent of  Public  J  nst  ruction,  close  cooperation  with  the  Industrial 
Workshop  and  State  School  for  the  Blind  is  also  maintained. 
Library  for  tin    Blind.     Colorado  Springs.     School  for  the  Blind. 

1,100  volumes.  584  titles. 

CONNECTICUT. 

shih  Board  of  Education  for  tfa.  /Hind.     Connecticut  has  the  unique 

distinction  of  being  the  only  state  in  this  country  which  attempts  to 
care  for  the  blind  of  all  ages  under  one  board  of  management.  As 
the  evolution  of  this  effort  is  so  different  from  that  in  other  states,  we 
are  giving  a  somewhat  fuller  sketch  of  it.  There  are.  however,  three 
distinct  and  separate  activities  at  work  in  this  commonwealth — a 
nursery,  school,  and  trade  training  department  situated  in  different 
localities. 

The  incident  which  led  to  organized  work  for  the  blind  in  Connecti- 
cut occurred  in  18SS.  when  Mrs.  Emily  Wells  Foster,  in  groping  her 
way  through  a  dark  passage  in  a  Hartford  tenement-house,  stumbled 
over  a  feeble,  little  blind  Italian  boy.  On  learning  that  the  child  was 
receiving  no  care  or  training,  Mrs.  Foster  took  him  to  her  own  home. 
where  he  remained  for  nearly  a  yea]-,  and  was  then  sent  to  the 
Kindergarten  for  the  Blind  in  Boston. 

Mrs.  Poster  made  some  investigations  into  the  condition  of  the  blind 
in  Connecticut,  with  the  result  that  a  large  number  of  children  were 
found  who  were  being  badly  neglected.  Up  to  thai  time  the  state  had 
provided  for  only  twenty  blind  children  who  had  been  sent  to  schools 
for  the  blind  in  neighboring  states,  while  for  blind  adults  there  existed 
no  provision  whatever.  Mrs.  Poster  saw  that  legislation  was  required, 
ami  she  secured  the  cooperation  of  Frank  E.  Cleaveland,  a  blind 
lawyer,   with  the  result   that  the  General   Assembly  of  1893  passed   an 

act  creating  a  State  Board  of  Education  for  the  Blind,  consisting  of 
the  governor  and  chief  justice.  ,  x  officio,  with  two  other  members  to  be 
appointed  by  the  governor.  The  Board  was  to  take  such  measures 
as  it  found  necessary  to  secure  the  object  of  its  existence.  Three  hun- 
dred dollars  a  year  were  allowed  for  the  instruction  and  training  of  all 
such  blind  persons  as  the  Board  allowed  to  become  state  pupils,  ami  a 

iretary  was  to  be  employed  who  should  seek  out  all  blind  persons 
needing  care  or  instruction. 

Before  this  legislation  could  be  carried  into  effect,  however,  a  nurs- 
ery was  opened  in  November,  1893,  in  a  small  house  in  Hartford,  where 


24  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

half  a  dozen  needy  blind  children  were  cared  for  until  October,  1894, 
when  a  real  kindergarten,  numbering  twenty  pupils,  was  opened  in  a 
large  house  on  Asylum  Avenue  in  Eartford. 

In  the  meantime,  Mr.  Cleaveland  had  devoted  himself  to  the  care 
and  industrial  training  of  a  number  of  blind  men.  for  which  purpose 
he  gave  the  use  of  his  own  house  until  1895,  when  the  stale  provided 
a  building  on  Wethersfield  Avenue  for  the  "Connecticut  [nstitute  and 
Industrial  Borne  for  the  Blind."  Ii  also  provided  a  new  building  in 
the  rear  of  the  kindergarten,  one  story  of  which  was  devoted  to  the 
temporary  use  of  blind  women  until  1896,  when  their  permanent 
quarters  on  Wethersfield  Avenue  were  completed. 

The  year  1897  was  a  memorable  one  in  the  history  of  the  blind,  for 
in  that  year  a  Little  blind  baby  was  brought  to  the  Connecticut  Kin- 
dergarten for  the  Blind  where  it  was  cordially  received.  We  believe 
thai  blind  baity  to  have  been  the  first  one  to  whom  any  institution  in 
ibis  country,  excepl  the  almshouse,  had  opened  its  doors.  Applications 
for  other  babies  soon  followed,  and  philanthropists  enabled  the  mana- 
gers to  receive  and  care  for  a  number  of  them,  until,  in  1905,  the  Hart- 
ford buildings  being  crowded,  the  babies,  with  their  caretakers,  were 
moved  to  a  small  bouse  in  Farmington.  There  they  remained  until 
1910,  when  a  large  fine  home  in  Farmington  was  provided  for  them  by 
E.  T.  Stotesburg,  a  bountiful  friend  in  Philadelphia.  This  work  for 
blind  babies  can  only  be  appreciated  by  those  who  have  witnessed  the 
deplorable  consequences  of  neglecting;  them. 

The  Kindergarten  on  Asylum  Avenue  grew  steadily  and  classes  for 
older  children  were  added.  Besides  the  ordinary  school  branches,  the 
children  made  rapid  progress  in  vocal  and  instrumental  music,  and 
were  able  to  enter  advanced  classes  when  sent  to  the  Perkins  Institu- 
tion in  Boston.  Sloyd,  carpentry,  sewing,  knitting,  crocheting,  and 
chair-caning  were  also  taught.    Piano-tuning  is  now  added  to  this  list. 

Larger  quarters  were  soon  urgently  needed  and  many  friends  con- 
tributed to  the  building  fund,  to  which  the  state  in  1909  added  *:>0,000, 
and  in  .May.  1911,  the  school  was  moved  to  its  present  fine  quarters, 
near  Blue  Hills  Avenue.  Eighteen  acres  of  land  surround  the  build- 
ings, seven  acres  of  which  are  under  cultivation  for  garden  vegetables. 
A  great  part  of  the  garden  work  is  done  by  the  boys,  who  enjoy  it  and 
find  such  out-of-door  work  a  source  of  income  on  leaving  school.  There 
are  now  46  pupils  in  the  school. 

The  excellent  Trades  department,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  and 

Mrs.  R.  E.  Colby,  has  1 n  much  less  fortunate  than  in  the  nursery  and 

the  school,  inasmuch  as  it  has  for  a  long  time  been  urgently  in  need 
of  better  quarters.     A  forty  acre  lot  just  south  of  the  city  has  for 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  25 

three  years  been  waiting  for  the  needed  buildings.  These  the  trus- 
tees are  now  hoping  to  see  erected  within  a  year,  as  the  state  has  just 
given  $60,000  to  the  institution  for  that  purpose. 

The  industries  taught  and  carried  on  in  this  department  are  the 
making  of  brooms,  mattresses,  rugs,  and  baskets,  chair-seating,  sew- 
ing, crocheting,  knitting,  typewriting,  and  stenography.  Farm  work 
proves  as  practical  for  the  men  as  for  the  boys.  There  are  today  42 
blind,  or  partially  blind,  persons  in  the  Trades  department. 

It  will  be  seen,  from  what  has  been  said,  that  the  Connecticut  Insti- 
tute for  the  Blind  is  peculiarly  comprehensive  in  its  work,  inasmuch 
as  it  aids  the  blind  of  all  ages  to  make  the  most  of  their  lives. 

Superintendent,  Nursery  tor  Blind  Babies.  Miss  Lillian  Russell. 

Superintendent,  School  Department,  G.  II.  Marshall. 

Superintendent,  Trades  Department,  R.  E.  Colby. 

Library  for  the  Blind.  Hartford.  School  Department  Institute  for 
the  Blind. 

DELAWARE. 

Commission  for  tJu  Blind,Z05-l  West  8th  St..  Wilmington.  In  1909 
the  Delaware  Legislature  created  a  Commission  for  the  blind,  the  chief 
function  of  which  is  to  assist  the  adult  blind.  The  work  of  the  Com- 
mission is  divided  into  home  instruction,  carried  on  by  means  of  home 
teachers,  and  industrial  training  and  employment  given  in  a  work- 
shop for  the  blind  where  rugs,  brooms,  and  baskets  are  made,  chairs 
are  re-seated,  and  orders  for  piano-tuning  are  solicited.  About  25 
individuals  receive  direcl  assistance  from  the  shop.  The  articles  made 
by  the  blind  both  at  home  and  in  this  shop  are  sold  at  the  store  located 
in  the  Commission's  headquarters.  The  blind  children  capable  of  bene- 
fiting by  training  are  sent  to  schools  for  the  blind  in  the  neighboring 
states.    Secretary,  C.  B.  Van  Trump. 

Library  for  thi  Blind.  Wilmington  Institute.  Free  Library.  772 
volumes,  415  titles.  An  ink  print  catalog  is  provided  without  charge 
for  residents  of  the  state  to  whom  books  are  circulated. 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

Aid  Association  for  the  Blind,  3050  R  Street,  N.  W.,  Washington, 
D.  C.  Organized  in  1897.  This  institution  has  a  capacity  of  thirty 
men  and  women ;  the  valuation  of  its  plant  is  $50,000,  and  it  is  sup- 
ported entirely  -by  voluntary  contributions  and  income  from  endow- 
ment. Contrary  to  what  might  be  gathered  from  the  title  of  this  or- 
ganization, the  institution  is  a  "Home"  and  today  occupies  a  fine,  spe- 
cially constructed  building  with  separate  quarters  for  white  and  colored 


26  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

of  each  sex.  The  basement,  which  is  almost  entirely  above  ground. 
well  Lighted  and  ventilated,  serves  as  a  work-room  for  men  who  wish 
id  be  industrially  occupied.  The  women  confine  themselves  to  fancy 
work.  Applicants  are  not  required  to  pay  an  admission  fee  but  must 
have  been  residents  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 

District  o)  Columbia  Association  of  Workers  for  thi  Blind'.  Organ- 
ized 1914.  Active  members  are  blind  and  must  be  residents  of  the 
Distrid  one  year.  There  is  no  restriction  as  to  residence  for  associate 
members  but  they  cannot  vote.  Funds  derived  from  membership  pay 
current  expenses,  while  the  money  received  from  entertainments  goes 
to  the  benefit  fund.  President.  French  F.  Hnfty.  1808  H  St. 
X.  YY..   Washington. 

Thi  Columbia  Polytechnic  Institute  for  ilic  Blind,  1808  H  St. 
X.  \Y.,  Washington,  was  founded  in  1900.  Its  capacity  is  15;  valua- 
tion of  plant,  $18,000.  It  is  supported  entirely  by  voluntary  contri- 
butions and  proceeds  of  work.  This  institution  is  virtually  a  job  press 
printing  plant  in  which  all  the  work  that  can  be  done  by  the  blind  is 
given  to  them.  The  profits  from  the  labor  of  the  seeing  helpers  goes 
towards  the  maintenance  of  the  plant.  A  quarterly  magazine  in  ink 
print  entitled  "Voices  from  DarMand"  is  issued  which  is  ''edited, 
managed,  folded,  inserted,  stitched,  trimmed,  wrapped  and  addressed 
for  the  mail  by  the  sightless."  Any  sightless  man  or  woman  (white) 
who  has  need  of  employment  and  who  is  a  resident  of  the  District  of 
Columbia  may  apply  and  if  possible  assistance  will  be  given.  An 
effort  is  made  to  find  employment  for  tuning  and  piano  instruction. 
The  workers  do  not  reside  in  the  institution.  At  present  ten  are 
employed.     Manager,  R.  W.  Swann. 

Tin  Library  of  Congress,  Department  for  tin  Blind.  For  details 
about   this  Library,  see  end  of  this  section. 

National  Library  for  thi  Blind,  1729  II.  St.  N.  AY..  Washington. 
for  details  about  this  organization,  see  end  of  this  section. 

FLORIDA. 

School  for  lln  Deaf  and  tin  Blind,  St.  Augustine.  Founded  in 
1885.  Capacity,  40  (blind).  Valuation  of  plant,  $225,000  (both  de- 
partments).  Annual  state  appropriation,  $35,000  (both  depart- 
ments). For  requirements  for  admission,  course,  term,  and  purpose 
of  instruction,  see  the  Introduction  to  this  section.  The  schools  own 
25  acres  of  bind.  8  of  which  are  used  for  athletics.  President,  A.  II. 
Walker. 

Library  for  lln  Blind.  St.  Augustine,  School  for  the  Blind,  175 
titles. 


28  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

GEORGIA. 

Academy  for  tht    Blind,  Mar,,,,.     Founded,   L851.     Capacity,   L25 

pupils.  Valuation  of  plant,  $150,000.  Annual  stale  appropriation, 
$30,000.  For  requirements  for  admission,  course,  term,  and  purpose 
of  instruction,  see  the  [ntroduction  to  this  section.  The  school  owns 
20  acres  of  land,  (i  of  which  arc  available  for  athletics.  There  is  a 
gymnasium.  This  school  has  a  fund  of  $10,000  known  as  the  "pupils' 
fund"  the  interest  from  which  is  used  for  assisting  students  after 
they  leave  the  school.    Superintendent,  George  F.  Oliphant. 

Library  for  tht  Blind.  Macon.  Academy  for  the  Blind,  2500  vol- 
umes. 409  titles.     Books  are  not  loaned  outside  of  the  school. 

IDAHO. 

School  for  Ih,  Deaf  and  Ih,  Blind,  "Gooding.  Founded,  1906. 
Capacity,  25  (blind).  Valuation  of  plant,  $70,000  (both  depart- 
ments). Annual  state  appropriation,  $30,000  (both  departments). 
Originally  located  in  Boise,  destroyed  by  fire  in  1908,  moved  to  new 
buildings  in  Gooding  in  September,  1910.  For  requirements  for 
admission,  course,  term,  and  purpose  of  instruction,  see  the  Instruc- 
tion to  this  section.     Superintendent,  W.  E.  Taylor. 

Library  for  the  Blind.  Gooding,  School  for  the  Blind.  200  volumes, 
150  titles.  750  volumes  in  ink  print. 

ILLINOIS. 

llliii, tis  School  far  Ih,  Blind.  Jacksonville.  Founded,  184!).  Capac- 
ity, 225.  Valuation  of  plant,  $312,000.  Annual  state  appropriation, 
$91, 300.  School  owns  :!7  acres  of  land,  5  of  which  are  available  for 
athletics.  There  is  a  gymnasium.  This  school  operates  a  printing 
plant  which  specializes  in  the  production  of  Braille  music.  Catalogs 
may  he  had  upon  application.  For  requirements  for  admission, 
course,  term,  and  purpose  of  instruction,  see  the  Introduction  to  this 
section.     Superintendent,  II.  C  Montgomery. 

Go-education  of  lh<  Blind  and  Ih,  Seeing,  Chicago  Public  Schools. 
Classes  for  blind  children  were  established  in  the  public  schools  of 
Chicago  in  September,  1900.  There  are  three  centers  for  children 
in  the  elementary  grades,  as  well  as  three  high  schools  attended  by 
other  blind  students.  Historically,  the  Chicago  work  is  of  great 
interest,  as  it  was  in  this  city  that  the  first  attempt  in  America  was 
made  to  educate  blind  children  by  the  side  of  those  who  see.  The 
general  policy  followed  in  this  method  of  education  is  described  in 
the  Introduction  1o  this  section.     It  should  be  added  that  Chicago  and 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  29 

Northwestern  Universities  both  give  scholarships  to  every  student 
capable  of  entering  these  universities  and  who  has  been  recommended 
to  them  from  the  public  schools.  It  is  also  gratifying  to  state  that  all 
those  who  have  availed  themselves  of  this  education  have  done  satis- 
factory work.  Three  of  those  who  have  graduated  are  now  paid 
teachers,  one  at  the  State  School  for  the  Blind,  Jacksonville,  and  two 
in  the  Department  of  Instruction  for  the  Adult  Blind.  Supervisor, 
John  B.  Curtis. 

Visitation  and  Instruction  of  the  Ad  nit  Blind,  5618  Drexel  Ave., 
Chicago.  Established  in  1911  and  operated  under  the  State  Board 
of  Administration.  For  five  years  previous  to  this  the  work  was  con- 
ducted along  similar  lines  by  the  Chicago  Women's  Club.  Five  teach- 
ers are  employed.  About  200  blind  people  were  visited  in  1915,  to  85 
of  whom  instruction  was  given  in  reading,  writing,  typewriting, 
operating  a  dictaphone  machine,  embossed  shorthand)  sewing,  knit- 
ting, crocheting,  basketry,  hammock-making,  chair-caning,  broom- 
making,  and  piano-tuning.  As  far  as  possible,  an  effort  is  made  to  sell 
the  work  of  the  pupils  through  bazaars  and  exhibits.  Superintendent, 
Chas.  E.  Comstock. 

Industrial  Home  for  tin  Blind,  Marshall  Boulevard,  Chicago. 
Founded  1894.  Capacity,  100.  Valuation  of  plant,  $100,000.  Annual 
slate  appropriation,  $35,000.  68  men;  26  women.  Applicants  must 
be  residents  of  Illinois.  The  principal  trade  is  broom-making.  The 
women  do  some  I'ancv-work.  and  those  who  can  help  with  the  house- 
work. Forty-one  men  live  outside  of  the  institution,  and  come  to  work 
daily.     Superintendent,   William   F.  Schultz. 

Pensions  for  the  Blind.  In  1903  a  law  was  passed  permitting  coun- 
ties to  provide  financial  relief  for  blind  men  over  21  years  of  age  and 
women  over  18  years  having  an  income  of  less  than  $250  a  year,  who 
are  not  inmates  of  charitable  institutions,  and  who  have  resided  in 
the  state  continuously  for  10  consecutive  years,  and  in  their  respective 
counties  for  3  years.  The  amount  of  annual  benefit  is  $150,  payable 
quarterly.  Although  this  law  was  passed  in  1903,  it  was  not  mandatory, 
upon  the  counties:  therefore  it  was  not  generally  observed.  In  June, 
1915,  however,  the  law  was  amended  so  that  furnishing  this  form  of 
relief  is  now  obligatory. 

Illinois  Association  for  thi  Prt  r,  ntion  of  Blindness,  :>i»  North  Mich- 
igan Boulevard,  Chicago.  Organized  1911.  Employed  an  executive 
secretary  1916.     Executive  Secretary.  Miss  Carolyn  C.  Van  Blareom. 

Libraries  for  the  Blind.  Chicago,  Public  Library.  1149  volumes. 
The  books  are  circulated  throughout  the  state.  Both  printed  and  em- 
bossed catalogs  are  available  without  charge. 


30  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

././■  I, s<>, trill, ,  School  for  the  Blind.  4500  volumes;  1800  titles  in  the 
circulating  library.  3000  volumes,  500  titles  in  pupils'  library.  Books 
in  circulating  library  are  sent  throughout  the  state 

INDIANA. 

Indiana  School  for  tin  Blind,  Indianapolis.  Founded  1847,  Capac- 
ity, 160.  Valuation  of  plant,  $772,567.65.  Annual  state  appropria- 
tion. $45,500.  The  school  owns  eight  acres,  of  which  three  are  available 
for  athletics.  There  is  a  gymnasium  and  swiraing  pool.  For  require- 
ments for  admission,  course,  term  and  purpose  of  instruction,  see  the 
•  Introduction  to  this  section.     Superintendent.  George  S.   Wilson. 

Board  of  Industrial  Aid  for  the  Blind,  Indianapolis.  Founded  1915. 
This  organization,  although  operating  under  a  different  name,  is,  for 
all  intents  and  purposes,  similar  to  other  State  Commissions  for  the 
Blind.  The  purpose  and  general  scheme  of  work  is  like  that  mentioned 
under  commissions  in  the  Introduction  to  this  section.  Although  the 
law  creating  this  hoard  makes  it  entirely  independent  of  the  School 
for  the  Blind,  so  far  as  its  duties  and  powers  are  concerned,  the  law 
directs  that  the  same  group  of  men  who  form  the  Board  of  Trustees 
of  the  State  School  for  the  Blind  shall  manage  the  affairs  of  the  Board 
of  Industrial  Aid  for  the  Blind.  On  Sept.  25,  1915,  the  Board  of 
Industrial  Aid  acquired  by  a  lease  the  plant,  formerly  known  as  the 
Industrial  Home  for  Blind  Men,  and  it  is  now  known  as  Shop  No.  1. 
Pounded  1898.  Valuation  of  plant  $5,000.  Average  of  20  men 
employed  in  the  shop.  Open  to  residents  of  Indiana.  Executive  Sec- 
retary, C.  D.  Ohadwick. 

Indiana  Association  of  Workers  for  th<  Blind,  Indianapolis.  Organ- 
ized Dec.  12.  1912.  The  purpose  of  this  organization  is  to  promote 
the  interests  of  the  adult  blind  of  Indiana,  and  to  aid  in  the  prevention 
of  blindness.  Interest  in  the  welfare  of  the  blind  and  the  payment 
of  annual  dues  admits  to  membership.  Sessions  are  held  biennially 
in  the  summer,  and  the  organization  is  maintained  by  membership  dues 
and  private  subscriptions.  President,  B.  F.  Smith,  135  West  Fall 
(  'reek  Blvd.,   Indianapolis. 

Libraries.  Indianapolis,  School  for  the  Blind.  2.074  volumes;  690 
Idles. 

Indianapolis,  State  Library.  639  volumes;  36G  titles.  New  York 
Poinl  catalog  available  without  charge.  Books  circulated  throughoul 
1  lie  state. 

IOWA. 

College  for  the  Blind,  Vinton.  Founded,  1853.  Capacity.  140. 
Valuation   of  plant.  $250,000.     Annual   state  appropriation,  $41,600. 


32  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

The  school  owns  40  acres  of  land,  10  of  which  are  available  for  athletics. 
There  is  a  gymnasium  and  swimming  pool.  Fo'r  requirements  for  ad- 
mission, course,  term  and  purpose  of  instruction,  see  Introduction  to 
this  article.     Superintendent,  G.  D.  Eaton. 

I\  nsions  for  tht  Blind.  In  1915  a  law  was  passed  permitting  coun- 
ties to  contribute  $150  per  annum  "from  the  poor  fund''  toward  the 
support  of  male  blind  persons  over  21  and  female  blind  persons  over 
18  years  of  age  whose  income  is  less  than  $300  a  year,  who  have 
resided  in  the  state  continuously  for  five  years  and  the  county  for  one 
year. 

The  Iowa  Home  for  Sightless  Women,  1424-30th  St.,  Des  Moines, 
I oira.  Movement  to  establish  the  home  began  in  1907;  it  was  opened 
September,  1915.  Capacity,  8.  Valuation  of  plant,  $9,000.  Supported 
by  private  contributions  and  donations  from  different  clubs  in  the 
state.  Applicants  are  required  to  pass  a  medical  examination,  to  be 
free  of  contagious  diseases  or  symptoms  of  insanity,  and  to  pay  an 
admission  fee  of  $300.  Inmates  of  the  Home  assist  with  the  housework 
and  do  different  kinds  of  fancy  work.  Sales  are  conducted  to  dispose 
of  the  work  of  the  women.  Secretary,  Board  of  Managers,  Miss  Eva 
A.  Whitcomb,  1424-30th  St.,  Des  Moines,  Iowa. 

Iowa  Association  for  the  Blind,  Des  Moines.  Organized,  1901.  The 
society  has  done  work  in  the  interest  of  the  blind  of  the  state.  Presi- 
dent. .Mrs.  J.  B.  Jordan,  Vinton,  Iowa. 

Libraries  for  the  Blind.  Des  Moines,  Iowa  Library  Commission. 
267  volumes;  165  titles.  The  books  are  circulated  throughout  the  state. 
Printed  catalog  free  upon  application. 

Vinton,  College  for  the  Blind.  3786  volumes:  500  titles.  Books  are 
circulated  throughout  the  state. 

KANSAS. 

School  for  tin  Blind,  Kansas  City.  Founded.  1867.  Capacity,  100. 
Valuation  of  plant,  $160,000.  Annual  state  appropriation,  $36,000. 
For  requirements  for  admission,  course,  term,  and  purpose  of  instruc- 
tion, see  the  Introduction  to  this  section.  The  school  owns  six  acres 
of  land,  two  of  which  are  available  for  athletics.  There  is  a  gym- 
Dasium.     Superintendent,  Miss  Isa  Gray. 

Library  for  tht  Blind.  Kansas  City,  School  for  the  Blind.  329 
volumes;  24s  titles.     Books  may  be  circulated  throughout  the  stale. 

KENTUCKY. 

Institution  for  th<  Education  of  the  Blind.  Founded,  1842.  Capa- 
city, 150.    Valuation  of  plant,  $200,000.    Annual  state  appropriation. 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  33 

$40,000.  The  school  owns  25  acres  of  land,  10  of  which  are  available 
for  athletics.  There  is  a  gymnasium.  For  requirements  for  admis- 
sion, course,  term,  and  purpose  of  instruction,  see  the  Introduction  to 
this  section.     Superintendent,  Susan  B.  Merwin. 

Kentucky  Workshop  for  the  Blind,  Louisville.  Founded,  1913. 
Capacity,  8.  Uses  rented  quarters  and  has,  as  yet,  no  appropriation 
from  the  state.  Principal  industries,  broom-  and  mop-making.  Appli- 
cants must  be  over  18  years  of  age.  Superintendent,  Clifford  B. 
Martin. 

Kt  ntucky  Society  for  the  l'r<  r<  ntion  of  Blindness,  Lexington. 
Founded,  1910.  Maintained  by  private  subscriptions.  The  purpose 
of  this  organization  is  to  do  anything  that  will  assist  in  the  prevention 
of  blindness.  Trachoma  has  made  fearful  ravages  throughout  the 
stale.  In  spile  of  the  fact  that  the  National  Government  lias  seen  fit 
to  establish  hospitals  in  the  mountain  sections  (See  p.  1156,  Vol.  II 
of  this  Encyclopedia),  stale  funds  have  not,  as  yet,  been  appropriated 
to  help  in  this  work,  and  the  above  society  is  doing  everything  possible 
to  stimulate  greater  interest  in  the  need  fur  state  aid  for  the  cam- 
paign to  prevent  unnecessary  blindness.  In  the  meantime  its  ex- 
ecutive secretary  uses  the  money  of  the  mountain  fund  to  help  those 
who  need  medical  attention  for  their  eyes.  Executive  secretary.  Miss 
Linda  Neville.  722   W.   .Main   St..   Lexington.    Ky. 

The  Mountain  Fund.  This  is  a  private  organization  supported  by 
voluntary  contributions.  Ms  purpose  is  to  enable  eye  sufferers  who 
are  needy  and  live  remote  From  occulists  to  have  expert  treatment  in 
the  medical  centers  of  Kentucky.  Miss  Linda  Neville  began  trying  to 
secure  adequate  medical  attention  for  eye  diseases  with  the  support. 
of  the  so-called  Mountain  Fund  before  the  Society  for  the  Prevention 
of  Blindness  was  established.  Miss  Neville  is  the  guiding  spirit  in 
both  organizations.     Manager,  Miss  Linda  Neville,  Lexington. 

American  Printing  House  for  tin  Blind,  Louisville.  This  is  a 
National  printing  house  for  institutions  for  the  blind  throughout  the 
United  States.     For  full  particulars,  see  the  end  of  this  section. 

Libraries.  Louisville,  Free  Public  Library,  293  volumes;  268  titles. 
The  books  are  circulated  throughout  Kentucky. 

Louisville.  Institution  for  the  Blind.  400  titles;  2423  volumes.  Books 
are  circulated  only  among  pupils  of  the  school. 

See,  also,  Alphabets  and  Literature  for  the  Blind,  p.  257,  Vol.  I  of 
this  Encyclopedia. 

LOUISIANA. 

School  for  the  Blind,  Baton  llouge.  Founded,  1856.  Capacity,  60. 
Valuation  of  plant,  $100,000.     Annual  state  appropriation,  $15,000. 


34  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

The  school  owns  10  acres  of  land,  3  acres  of  which  are  used  for  athletics. 
For  requirements  for  admission,  course,  term,  and  purpose  of  instruc- 
tion, see  the  Introduction  to  this  section.  Superintendent,  G.  C. 
Huckaby. 

Louisiana  Statt  Commission  for  tht  Blind.  Organized  1916.  Volun- 
tary assoi  iation  interested  in  the  prevention  of  blindness  and  industrial 
occupation  for  the  blind.     Secretary.  Rev.  A.  Oscar  Browne,  M.  D. 

St.  Beatrix  circle  of  St.  Margaret's  Daughters,  New  Orleans.  A 
voluntary  organization  which  gives  assistance  to  the  blind  of  New 
Orleans.  The  activities  of  this  organization  are  to  some  extent  similar 
to  those  of  the  Associated  Charities.  Where  necessary,  assistance  is 
furnished  in  the  form  of  groceries,  clothing  and  money  for  board. 
Social  entertainments  are  given  several  times  a  year,  to  which  all 
the  blind  of  the  city  are  invited.  Home  teaching  is  carried  on  among 
the  blind,  hut  all  the  work  is  done  by  volunteers,  and  no  salaries  are 
paid.  President  of  the  organization.  Mrs.  Finley  D.  Ross,  917  "Wash- 
ington Ave..  New  Orleans.  La. 

Library  for  the  Blind.  Baton  Rouge,  School  for  the  Blind.  794 
volumes:  460  titles.  The  hooks  are  circulated  throughout  the  state.  A 
printed  catalog  will  he  furnished  upon  application. 

MAINE. 

Maim  Institution  for  Un  Blind.  201  Park  Ave..  Portland.  Founded, 
1906.  Capacity,  46  men  and  11  women.  Valuation  of  plant.  $75,000. 
Annual  state  appropriation,  $15,000.  Applicants  must  he  between 
the  ages  of  18  and  50,  and  too  blind  to  earn  their  living  by  ordinary 
means.  The  men  board  in  the  vicinity  ;  the  women  all  live  at  the 
Institution.  The  trades  followed  are  broom-making,  chair-making, 
basketry,  mattress-making,  upholstery,  sewing,  weaving  rugs.  Super- 
intendent. M.  \V.  Baldwin. 

State  Aid  for  Blind  Infants  and  Youths.  Maine  makes  provision  of 
$1.00  a  day  for  the  care,  medical  treatment,  maintenance  and  educa- 
tion of  blind  infants  and  children  under  school  age  whose  parents 
are  unable  to  care  for  them  properly.  These  infants  may  be  sent 
to  a  nursery  for  blind  babies  outside  of  the  state.  When  blind  children 
are  old  enough  to  go  to  a  school  for  the  blind,  the  state  will  pay  for 
their  tuition  while  attending  such  institution  in  a  neighboring  state. 

I'<  nsions  for  the  Blind.  In  1915  the  legislature  of  Maine  passed  a 
law  empowering  the  governor  and  council  to  authorize  the  state  treas- 
urer to  pay  $200  a  year,  quarterly,  to  all  blind  persons  over  the  age 
of  21  who  are  not  charges  upon  any  charitable  or  penal  institution. 
They  must  have  less  than  $300  a  year,  must  have  resided  in  the  state 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  35 

continuously  for  10  consecutive  years,  and  in  their  respective  counties 
for  at  least  one  year  immediately  prior  to  applying  for  the  benefit. 

MARYLAND. 

School  for  the  Blind,  OverUa.  Founded  in  1653.  Capacity,  130. 
Valuation  of  plant,  $500,000.  Annual  state  appropriation,  $45,000. 
There  is,  also,  an  income  receivable  from  an  endowment  fund.  'The 
school  owns  100  acres  of  land,  10  of  which  are  available  for  athletics. 
There  is  a  gymnasium. 

For  requirements  for  admission,  course,  term,  and  purpose  of  in- 
struction s«v  the  (introduction  to  this  section. 

Until  1911  the  Maryland  School  for  the  Blind  had  been  located  in 
the  city  of  Baltimore;  now  a  magnificenl  new  plant  has  been  erected 
in  one  of  the  suburbs  of  the  city,  known  as  Overlea.  Upon  the  same 
extensive  trad  of  land  is  located  the  school  for  the  colored  deaf  and 
blind.  The  new  institution  for  while  children  is  built  upon  the  cottage 
plan.  The  school  and  administration  building  is  in  the  center  of  the 
group  of  buildings.  To  the  easl  are  two  cottages  for  girls  with  a  capa- 
city of  30  each,  and  at  the  west  are  two  cottages  of  the  same  capacity 
for  boys,  h,  addition  to  conducting  in  this  school  the  general  work 
""ilined  iii  tins  section  under  the  caption  "Residential  Schools  for  the 
.Blind,"  it  should  he  mentioned  thai  one  of  the  practical  results  of  the 
cottage  plan  makes  it  possible  for  blind  young  women  actually  to 
lake  part  in  preparing  some  of  the  tnealfi  under  the  supervision  of  the 
domestic  science  teacher.  With  such  a  recently  built  plant,  the  equip- 
ment  ail(l  i,]|  the  appointments  are  up-to-date,  and  Maryland  may 
justly  consider  herself  as  having  one  of  Hie  model  institutions  in  this 
country.    Superintendent,  John  V.  Bledsoe. 

Workshop  for  tht  Blind,  Baltimore.  As  mentioned  in  the  general 
introduction  to  this  section,  the  earlier  schools  for  the  blind  soon 
recognized  the  need  of  some  shop  in  which  to  carry  on  the  trades 
the  pupils  had  already  learned  and;  in  1871,  Maryland  may  be  said 
to  have  definitely  made  a  start  to  do  something  for  the  adult  blind, 
under  the  auspices,  however,  of  the  School  for  the  Education  of  Blind 
Youth.  A  workshop  in  which  broom-making  is  the  chief  industry, 
although  mattresses  and  baskets  are  also  made,  was  opened  in  Balti- 
more, and  later  this  shop  was  moved  to  a  building  upon  the  school 
grounds. 

In  1906  the  legislature  appointed  a  Commission  to  investigate  the 
condition  of  the  adult  blind  and  gave  $1,500  for  its  work,  and  the 
outcome  of  this  investigation  was  a  legislative  enactment,  in  1908, 
creating  a  Workshop  for  the  Blind,  the  management  of  which  Avas  to 


:J6 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 


be  under  a  board  of  directors,  two  to  be  appointed  by  the  Maryland 
School  for  ilic  Blind,  and  three  by  the  Governor.  The  nucleus  of 
this  organization  was  the  well  organized  shop  of  the  school  which  was 
stalled  in  L874.  Prom  the  appointment  of  the  Commission  to  the 
final  appropriation  of  state  funds  for  the  partial  support  of  a  work- 
shop for  the  blind,  greal  interest  was  aroused  throughout  Baltimore 
and  vicinity  in  behalf  of  this  institution.     The  blind  themselves  were 


Photo  from  the  School  for  the  Blind.  Baltimore,  Md. 

Every  Blind  Child  Should  be  Encouraged  to  Learn  to  Use  a 
Typewriter. 

A  irw  .-an  cam  their  living  l>y  writing  shorthand  upon  a  specially 
arranged  machine  or  by  transcribing  from  a  phonograph.  Almost  all 
blind  people  have  at  some  time  to  communicate  with  the  seeing,  heme 
the  value  of  learning  to  use  a  typewriter. 


most  active  in  helping-  to  raise  funds,  and  today  there  is  a  tine  four 
story  factory  building  as  a   monument  to  this  campaign. 

One  hundred  and  seveiily-seven  blind  men  and  women  arc  employed 
in  the  shop.  The  planl  is  valued  at  $70,000.  The  state  and  city  have 
contributed  jointly  $20,000  annually  during  the  past  two  years  toward 
the  maintenance  of  the  institution.  Private  subscriptions  have  also 
been  received.  The  principal  trades  are  broom-  and  basket-making, 
re-seating  of  chairs,   and    piano-tuning.      .Mattresses,  rugs,  hammocks 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 


37 


and   mops  are   also   made.      The   school   and   workshop   train   switch- 
hoard  operators.     Superintendent,  George  W.  Conner. 

Home  Teaching.  During  the  vigorous  campaign  to  establish  firmly 
the  above  mentioned  workship,  effective  home  teaching  has  been  car- 
ried on.  Today  the  headquarters  of  this  work  are  in  the  workshop, 
where  a  sales-room  is  maintained  for  the  disposal  of  the  products  of 
home  workers.     Instruction  is  given  in  sewing,  knitting,  crocheting, 


Photo  from  tho  School  for  the  Blind,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

All  Blind  People  Must  Learn  to  Use  Their  Hands  as  Effectively  as  Possible. 

One  of  the  most  practical  methods  of  helping  hoys  to  use  their  hands  is  by 
giving  them  a  thorough  course  in  manual  training. 


weaving  and  basket- making.  The  school  supports  two  home  teachers, 
the  workshop  one  home  teacher  and  the  Maryland  Association  of 
Workers  for  the  Blind  one  county  home  teacher.  Supervisor,  Miss 
Virginia  Kelly. 

Maryland  Association  of  Workers  for  the  Blind,  Associated  Blind 
Men  of  Maryland,  Associated  Blind  Women  of  Maryland,  501  W. 
Fayette  St.,  Baltimore.  These  three  voluntary  organizations  are  made 
up  of  the  most  intelligent  blind  men  and  women  of  the  state,  with  their 
friends.     Each  has  taken  a  very  active  part  in  helping  to  raise  funds 


38  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

to  carry  forward  the  work  for  the  adult  blind.  The  cooperation  and 
unanimity  of  workers  for  the  blind  in  Baltimore  has  been  very  strik- 
ing. 

Maryland  Association  for  the  Prevention  of  Blindness.  Established 
L909.  Rrincipally  active  in  furthering  legislation.  Secretary,  Dr. 
James  •!.  ( 'arroll. 

Libraries  for  tin  Blind.  Baltimore,  Enoch  Pratt  Free  Library;  685 
titles;  1757  volumes.    Books  maj^  be  circulated  throughout  Maryland. 

Overlea  School  for  tin  Blind;  700  titles;  :>.(>75  volumes.  The  books 
may  be  circulated  throughout  the  state.  Catalogs  in  New  York  point 
are  supplied  free  of  charge. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Perkms  Institution  and  Massachusetts  School  for  the  Blind,  Water- 
town.  Founded;  1829;  opened,  1832;  resident  capacity,  300  and  a  full 
staff  of  officers,  teachers  and  servants ;  valuation  of  plant,  $1,000,000 : 
annual  state  contribution,  $30,000.  The  Institution  receives  its  chief 
income  from  endowments,  subscriptions,  and  fees.  The  legislatures  of 
Maine,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut  and  New  Hampshire  pay  $300  per 
annum  for  each  child  sent  to  the  Perkins  Institution  by  these  states. 

The  Perkins  Institution,  like  many  others  of  the  older  schools,  was 
established  in  a  city  and  after  some  years  became  cramped  for  play- 
grounds. The  institution  (except  for  the  kindergarten  and  the  cottages 
for  the  girls'  department)  used  a  building  which  was  originally 
planned  for  a  hotel.  When  the  school  left  South  Boston  for  Watertown 
in  1912,  it  moved  into  the  most  complete  and  modern  group  of  build- 
ings arranged  for  the  education  of  the  blind  in  the  United  States. 
Director  Edward  E.  Allen,  who  was  the  principal  of  the  School  for  the 
Blind  in  Philadelphia  when  it  moved  from  the  city  to  the  suburbs,  also 
supervised  the  re-building  of  the  Perkins  Institution. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  there  have  been  but  two  directors  of 
this  school  previous  to  the  incumbency  of  Mr.  Allen.  Its  first  head 
was  Dr.  Samuel  Gridley  Howe,  who  may  be  termed  the  father  of  the 
education  of  the  blind  in  the  United  States.  (See  p.  255,  Vol.  I,  of  this 
Encyclopedia.)  Those  who  have  studied  the  early  reports  of  this  gnat 
seer  touching  possibilities  for  the  blind  are  amazed  to  find  that  his 
observations  regarding  the  education,  training  and  care  of  the  blind. 
whether  infant,  youth  or  adult,  although  written  more  than  half  a 
century  ago,  conform  to  and.  in  many  cases,  foreshadow  the  best 
methods  of  the  presenl  lime.  Dr.  Howe  was  indeed  a  great  originator 
in  all  departments  of  this  work.  He  was  succeeded  in  1876  by  his 
son-in-law,  Michael  Anagnos  (See  p.  336,  Vol.  I,  of  this  Encyclopedia), 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  39 

who  will  be  remembered  as  the  great  advocate  of  kindergartens  for  the 
blind.  It  was  as  a  result  of  his  efforts  that  a  large  endowment  fund 
was  raised  to  found  and  carry  on  the  kindergarten  department  of 
Perkins  Institution,  which,  for  25  years,  was  conducted  in  a  special 
plant  of  its  own  at  Jamaica  Plain,  a  suburb  of  Boston.  Mr.  Anagnos 
also  advanced  the  educational  methods  of  the  older  school  in  every  way, 
keeping  well  abreast  of  the  times,  and,  by  securing  a  splendid  endow- 
ment fund  for  the  main  institution,  made  possible  its  continued  growth 
and  prosperity.    He  died  in  1906.    Mr.  Allen  became  director  in  1907 


Old  building  occupied  by  the  Perkins  Institution  from  1839  to  1912.  Eere 
Dr.  Samuel  <i.  Howe  began  his  pioneer  work  in  teaching  the  blind  and  the 
•leaf -blind. 

and  is  carrying  out  with  better  facilities  the  fundamental  policies  of 
his  predecessors. 

The  presenl  extrusive  plant  stands  on  34  acres  of  land  on  the  banks 
of  the  Charles  River,  in  Watertown.  The  central  tower,  which  domi- 
nates the  otherwise  low-spreading  buildings,  is  meant  to  stand  for  the 
aspiration  of  the  Institution  for  its  pupils.  The  illustrations  of  this 
section  show  the  general  appearance  of  the  buildings.  Pupils  and 
staff  live  together  in  families  of  about  25.  each  group  having  its  indi- 
vidual dining-room,  kitchen  and  complete  equipment.  The  cottages 
are  grouped  together  about  closes,  much  as  in  an  English  public 
school.  This  arrangement  of  individual  cottages  makes  it  possible  to 
continue  a  policy  inaugurated  by  Dr.  Howe,  namely,  that  of  having 
the  young  people  take  a  large  part  in  the  actual  household  duties. 
Mr.  Allen  is  a  firm  believer  in  what  he  terms  "contributory  effort," 


40  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

and  the  boys  as  well  as  the  girls  not  only  take  care  of  their  rooms, 
as  is  customary  in  many  schools  where  no  tuition  is  exacted,  but  do 
the  major  part  of  the  other  housework,  with  the  exception  of  cooking 
and  laundering.  The  hired  domestic  service  is  reduced  to  a  minimum, 
the  young  people  being  encouraged  to  do  everything  they  can  to  help 
in  the  running  of  their  cottages.  It  seems  hardly  necessary  to  say 
thai  this  plan  is  adopted  not  for  the  sake  of  economy  alone  but  also 
for  its  beneficial  effed  upon  the  pupils  themselves.  We  have  dwell 
upon  this  plan  of  contributory  effort,  for  it  may  truly  be  said  to  be 
the  school's  unique  feature,  and.  while  sonic  other  institutions  attempt 
to  do  the  same,  as  far  as  that  is  possible  with  their  congregate  form  of 
equipment,  it  is  most  earnestly  hoped  that,  as  other  schools  are  re- 
modeled from  time  to  time,  similar  opportunity  may  be  given  to  the 
boys  and  girls. 

No  sketch  of  the  Perkins  Institution  would  be  complete  without  refer- 
ring to  the  fad  that  it  was  Dr.  Howe  who  first  taught  the  possibility 
of  educating  children  who  are  not  only  blind  but  also  deaf.  Beginning 
with  Laura  Bridgman,  the  school  has  always  provided  instruction  for 
a  few  deaf-blind  pupils.  Helen  Keller,  a  well-known  member  of  this 
group  of  people  who  have  been  so  well  trained  was  educated  by  a  grad- 
uate of  Perkins  Institution  and  spent  some  years  there. 

Another  unique  feature  of  the  Institution  is  its  special  reference 
library  of  books  relating  to  the  blind,  collected  by  Mr.  Anagnos.  No 
other  institution  or  library  in  the  world  has  such  a  complete  collection 
of  books  in  English  about,  for.  and  by  the  blind.  While  these  books 
cannot  be  taken  from  the  library,  anyone  may  consult  them  there  or 
may  borrow  the  published  catalog. 

For  requirements  for  admission,  course,  term,  and  purpose  see  the 
Introduction  to  this  section.    Director,  E.  E.  Allen. 

limn  Memorial  Press,  Perkins  Institution.  This  printing  establish- 
incut  is  operated  from  the  income  of  an  endowment  fund  of  $200,000 
raised  by  Mr.  Anagnos.  It  makes  and  publishes  hooks  and  music  in 
the  American  Braille  type  (See  p.  249,  Vol.  I  of  this  Encyclopedia), 
and  sells,  at  cost,  special  appliances.  Schools  for  the  blind  and  libraries 
may  purchase  its  publications  at  25  per  cent  less  than  cost  price.  Man- 
ager, Frank  C.  Bryan. 

Stat,  Home-teaching  for  the  Adult  Wind.  This  activity  is  also 
under  the  supervision  of  the  Perkins  Institution.  Tn  1900  the  Massa- 
chusetts legislature  appropriated  $1,500  for  the  inauguration  of  home 
teaching,  being  the  first  state  in  the  Union  to  set  aside  public  funds 
for  this  purpose.  The  appropriation  has  since  been  increased  to  $5,000. 
the  supervision  of  the  work  being  delegated  to  the  State  Board  of  Edu- 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  41 

cation,  whose'plans  have  been  carried  out  under  the  direction  of  the 
Perkins  Institution.  Four  blind  instructors  visit  the  adult  blind  in 
their  homes,  to  give  them  lessons  in  reading  and  to  instruct  them  in 
such  other  occupations  as  may  be  of  service  to  them  at  home.  After 
the  Massachusetts  Commission  for  the  Blind  was  established,  the  au- 
thorities of  the  Perkins  Institution  and  representatives  of  the  Commis- 
sion petitioned  the  legislature  to  place  the  direction  of  this  work  under 
the  Commission.  In  the  spring  of  1916  this  transfer  was  made. 
Principal  teacher.  John  Vars. 

Perkins  Institution  Workshop,  549  East  4th  St.,  South  Boston. 
Founded  1848;  capacity  24;  valuation  of  plant,  $8,000.  Receives  no 
city  or  state  appropriation  but  owns  its  building  and  hires  (at  a  nomi- 
nal figure)  its  salesroom  at  383  Boylston  St..  Boston.  Mass..  one  of 
the  best  shopping  localities  in  the  city.  The  principal  industries  are 
mattress-making  and  chair-caning.  No  boarding  bouse  is  maintained, 
the  men  and  women  living  in  the  vicinity,  or  wherever  they  please. 

Historically,  this  shop  is  of  interest  since  it  was  the  Mrs)  to  be  estab- 
lished in  the  United  stales.  As  mentioned  in  the  Introduction  to  Ibis 
section,  the  directors  of  the  first  schools  for  blind  youth  in  this  country 
soon  realized  thai  something  ought  to  be  done  for  those  who,  after 
leaving  school,  were  unable  to  support  themselves  without  supervisory 
assistance,  li  was  forthis  reason  thai  Dr.  Bowe  opened  his  workshop 
near  the  Perkins  Institution,  and  followed  it  np  by  opening  a  salesroom 
in  the  shopping  district,  where  orders  might  be  taken  and  samples  of 
the  work  displayed.  As  the  work  is  charitable  in  nature,  both  the  shop 
and  the  salesroom  (which  i,s  owned  by  the  Kindergarten  for  the  Blind) 
are  exempt  from  taxation,  and  the  business  is  therefore  not  obliged  to 
pay  much  for  its  housing.  This  is  mentioned  because  the  shop  has  the 
remarkable  record  of  practically  making  ends  meet,  which  is  not  true 
of  any  industrial  establishment  for  the  blind  in  the  United  Slates. 
and  would  nol  be  true  of  this  one  if  it  Inn!  not  indirect  state  aid 
through  tax  exemption.  It  should  he  noted,  further,  that  the  shop 
employs  only  those  who  are  capable  of  doing  good  work.  In  other 
words,  only  artisans  are  regularly  employed  (although  apprentices 
have  sometimes  been  received  I  and  the  overhead  charges  are  very 
moderate  which  also  helps  to  explain  the  unusual  showing  which  this 
shop  has  made.     Manager.  F.  ('.  Bryan. 

The  Massachusetts  Association  for  Promoting  the  Interests  of  the 
Adult  Blind.  This  organization  came  into  existence  in  1903  with  the 
avowed  purpose  of  securing  the  establishment  of  a  State  Commission 
for  the  Blind.  To  do  this  it  conducted  the  first  series  of  illustrated 
lectures  on  blindness  and  the  blind  systematically  given  in  any  state 


44  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

in  the  union.  The  then  executive  secretary,  (the  writer  of  this  sec- 
tion) accepted  invitations  to  give  illustrated  addresses  to  women's 
and  men's  clubs  and  church  organizations  in  all  parts  of  the  state,  and 
the  public  was  aroused  to  the  possibilities  of  the  service  which  could 
be  rendered  to  the  blind  by  the  establishment  of  a  commission.  At 
the  same  time  that  this  publicity  campaign  was  being  carried  on,  the 
Association  opened  an  "experiment  station"  for  the  trade  training  of 
the  blind  ami  made  a  vigorous  effort  to  find  new  industrial  opportuni- 
ties for  the  blind.  It  is  of  historical  interest  to  note  that  in  this  ex- 
periment station  the  first  recorded  effort  in  fabric-weaving  and  artis- 
tic rug-making  by  the  blind  in  this  country  was  undertaken.  It  was 
also  here  that  a  beginning  was  made  in  the  manufacture  of  the  so- 
called  "Wundermop"  a  string  mop  invented  by  a  blind  man.  It  was 
also  as  a  result  of  the  efforts  of  the  director  of  this  experiment  station 
that  the  attempl  was  made  to  place  blind  people  in  factories  other 
than  those  in  which  Inning  is  carried  on.  The  Dennison  Manufactur- 
ing Company  was  the  first  to  open  ils  doors  to  employees  of  this  kind. 
When  the  State  Commission  was  created  the  industries  which  had 
been  begun  in  this  experiment  station  were  taken  over  as  the  nucleus 
of  the  workshops  which  have  since  been  carried  on  by  the  state  board. 
After  the  Commission  for  the  Blind  was  created  the  Association  con- 
tinued to  exist  and  it  still  cooperates  with  the  Commission  very  closely  . 
and  is  of  great  service  to  it.  For  example,  it  started  and  maintained 
work  for  the  prevention  of  blindness,  until  the  Commission  took  this 
effort  over;  also,  when  Mrs.  James  A.  Woolson  gave  her  property  in 
Cambridge  to  be  nsed  as  a  social  and  industrial  center  for  blind 
women,  it  was  made  over  to  the  Massachusetts  Association,  which  or- 
ganization has  made  itself  responsible  for  the  maintenance  of  this 
social  settlement  for  the  blind. 

When  the  Outlook  for  ihi  Blind,  an  ink-print  publication  devoted 
to  the  interests  of  the  blind,  was  founded  in  1907,  the  .Massachusetts 
Association  generously  made  up  tin1  annual  deficit  for  several  years 
until  the  magazine  had  won  for  itself  sufficient  recognition  to  com- 
mand the  financial  assistance  of  contributors  in  other  parts  of  the 
country.  ..While  the  Massachusetts  Association  cannot  point  to  any 
extensive  equipment  of  its  own.  it  is  unquestionably  a  fact  that  much 
of  the  modern  effort  to  render  practical  assistance  to  the  adult  blind 
in  this  country  has  had  its  inspiration  from  the  modest,  but  effective 
work  inaugurated  by  this  Association  in  Massachusetts,  the  most 
direct  outcome  of  which  was  the  creation  of  the  first  permanent  Com- 
mission for  the  Blind  in  America.  Secretary;  E.  E.  Allen,  Perkins 
Institution. 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  45 

Massachusetts  Commission  for  the  Blind:,  Central  Office  and  Sales 
Room,  3  Park  St.,  Boston.  The  Commission  was  established  in  1906, 
and  as  indicated  above,  took  over,  as  a  basis  of  this  industrial  work, 
the  shops  which  had  been  begun  by  the  Massachusetts  Association. 

One  of  the  first  pieces  of  work  undertaken  by  the  Commission  was 
to  make  a  complete  register  of  all  the  blind  in  the  state.  This  had  been 
partly  accomplished  by  the  temporary  commission  appointed  in  1903 
to  investigate  the  needs  and  conditions  of  the  blind.  As  there  was  no 
precedent  for  this  commission  to  follow  in  inaugurating  its  work  it  was 
essential  that  it  should  have  a  comprehensive  record  of  the  large  num- 
ber of  blind  in  the  state.  We  mention  this  census  of  the  Massachusetts 
Commission  for  it  is  an  unfortunate  fad  that  other  subsequent  com- 
missions have  blindly  copied  this  feature  of  the  Massachusetts  Com- 
mission as  if  no  work  could  be  done  without  it.  and  we  wish  to  take  this 
opportunity  to  suggest  that  other  states  that  may  be  contemplating 
work  for  the  adult  blind  do  not  need  to  spend  their  efforts  in  trying 
to  create  a  so-called  census  of  the  blind.  To  be  accurate  a  census  must 
betaken  throughout  a  gives  territory  in  the  shortest  possible  time,  and 
since  Massachusetts  has  this  very  complete  record  of  its  blind  popula- 
tion, those  who  wish  to  secure  tacts  about  age,  when  blindness  occurred, 
etc.,  ran  find  this  in  format  ion  by  referring  to  the  first  reports  of  the 
Massachusetts  Commission,  and  it  is  reasonable  to  presume  that  the 
same  general  facts  will  hold  good  in  other  slates.  A  compilation  of  a 
register  is  quite  different  from  the  taking  of  a  census,  and  every  well 
organized  charity  begins  a  register  the  day  it  opens  its  doors. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  features  of  the  .Massachusetts  Commis- 
sion is  the  chain  of  workshops  which  it  has  opened  in  Cambridge 
(where  there  are  three),  Pittsfield,  Lowell.  Worcester  and  Fall  River. 
In  the  four  last-named  cities  mattress-making  and  chair-caning  are  the 
principal  industries,  and  there  is  some  broom-making  carried  on  in 
Pittsfield.  To  each  of  these  shops  the  men  come  from  the  surrounding 
locality,  living  in  their  own  homes,  or  boarding  in  the  vicinity.  The 
I  Jommission  maintains  no  subsidized  boarding  house. 

In  Cambridge  the  largest  of  the  three  shops  (at  686  Massachusetts 
Avenue)  is  given  up  exclusively  to  rug-making  and  mop-making,  which 
are  primarily  carried  on  by  men.  although  a  few  women  are  employed 
for  knotting  and  finishing  the  rugs. 

The  second  shop  (at  131  Brookline  street),  is  also  for  men,  who  make 
brooms,  and  re-seat  chairs  and  (more  recently)  carry  on  a  willow 
industry. 

The  third  shop,  located  at  277  Harvard  street,  stands  in  the  garden 
of  the  "Woolson  House  Estate,  and  is  for  women  only.    In  this  building 


4*  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

the  women  devote  themselves  to  art  fabric-weaving,  rug-making,  and 
chair-caning.  As  was  mentioned  under  the  Massachusetts  Associa- 
tion, the  property  a1  277  Harvard  street  is  held  by  the  Massachusetts 
Association,  the  old  Woolson  home  now  serving  as  a  delightful  residence 
for  homeless  blind  women  who  are  employed  in  the  industries.  It  is 
also  used  as  a  vacation  house  in  the  summer  for  those  who  need  the 
benefit  of  a  change,  and  as  a  visiting  place  for  newly  blind  women.  The 
Massachusetts  Commission  is  entirely  responsible  for  carrying  on  the 
art  fabric  shop,  but  of  course  it  pays  no  rent  for  the  use  of  the  build- 
ing. Instruction  in  whichever  trade  seems  to  be  most  suitable  is  given 
to  able-bodied,  blind  residents  of  Massachusetts,  provided  there  is 
room  in  one  of  the  various  shops  at  the  time  application  is  made.  At 
its  discretion,  the  Commission  may  loan  tools  and  materials  (which 
are  to  be  returned  or  paid  for  on  easy  terms)  to  blind  home  workers. 
The  mops,  rugs  and  brooms  are  disposed  of  through  the  sales  room. 
which  is  maintained  by  the  Commission  at  3  Park  street  and,  during 
the  summer  season,  at  a  sales  room  at  Manchester-by-the-Sea. 

The  general  purposes  of  the  Commission  are  completely  outlined  in 
the  Introduction  to  this  section.  General  Superintendent,  Miss  Lucy 
Wright. 

Defectivi  Eyesight  class  in  Public  Schools.  In  April,  1913,  a  class 
for  children  having  defective  eyesight  was  opened  in  one  of  the  Boston 
public  schools.  For  details  of  the  methods  pursued  in  such  a  class, 
see  the  Introduction  to  this  section.  The  superintendent  of  schools 
makes  this  significant  comment  in  his  annual  report  for  1913:  "The 
progress  made  by  the  children  to  whom  school  had  meant  almost 
nothing  has  been  remarkable,  showing  that  the  effort  is  well  worth 
while  if  the  children  can  lie  reached." 

Boston  Nursery  for  Blind  Babies,  147  South  Huntington  Ave.,  Rox- 
bury.  Incorporated,  1901.  Capacity,  25.  Valuation  of  plant,  $36.- 
400.  Supported  by  an  endowment  and  voluntary  contributions.  Any 
blind  or  partially  blind  child  under  five  years  of  age  is  eligible  for 
admission.  The  state  pays  a  per  capita  sum  for  state  minor  wards. 
AVhen  able  to  pay,  the  parents  or  guardians  are  expected  to  defray 
as  much  of  the  expense  as  possible,  although  admission  may  be  free 
when  circumstances  warrant  it.  The  purpose  of  the  nursery  is  to  pro- 
vide a  home  and  hospital  care  for  infants;  also  to  supply  by  training 
the  education  that  the  physically  normal  child  acquires  by  imitation. 
The  Nursery  also  admits  a  limited  number  of  children  requiring  spe- 
cial care  to  prevent  blindness.  The  home  and  hospital  are  open  all 
the  year.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  this  is  the  first  nursery  for 
blind  babies  which  erected  a  special  building  for  its  wards.     It  is  a 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  49 

model  of  its  kind.  Any  one  observing  this  beautiful  structure  facing 
a  portion  of  Boston's  park  system,  would  never  think  of  it  as  an  "in- 
stitution" but  rather  as  a  private  residence  of  some  wealthy  family. 
Indeed,  those  in  charge  of  the  Nursery  have  done  everything  in  their 
power  to  approximate  home  conditions  for  these  little  people.  Super- 
intendent; Miss  Jane  A.  Kussell. 

Worcester  Memorial  Home  for  the  Blind,  81  Elm  St.,  Worcester. 
Founded,  1905.  Capacity,  14.  Valuation  of  plant,  $9,500.  Sup- 
ported by  private  contributions  and  board  of  residents.  It  is  open  to 
blind  women  so  far  as  space  allows,  without  restriction,  to  residents. 
An  admission  fee  or  regular  payments  for  board,  according  to  circum- 
stances, is  charged.  It  is  the  hope  of  the  organization  to  provide  other 
cottages  for  the  homeless  blind.  The  women  do  what  they  can  towards 
the  upkeep  of  the  house,  and  are  happily  and  busily  occupied  with 
fancy  work,  which  is  sold  by  means  of  occasional  sales.  Matron,  Miss 
Bessie  Rice. 

Libraries  for  the  Blind.  Boston,  Public  library,  548  titles,  1052 
volumes.  The  circulation  of  books  is  not  restricted  to  any  particular 
territory. 

Brookline,  Public  Library.  75  titles,  109  volumes.  Books  are  cir- 
culated in  Brookline. 

Lynn,  Public  Library,  205  titles,  255  volumes.  No  territory  limit 
to  circulation;  blind  assistant  teaches  all  the  various  types  for  the 
blind.    A  reading  room  for  the  blind  is  open  three  days  of  each  week. 

N(  w  Bedford,  Free  Public  Library,  137  titles,  214  volumes.  No  ter- 
ritory limit  to  the  circulation. 

Watertawn,  Perkins  Institution,  1878  titles,  13,999  volumes. 
Printed  catalogs  are  distributed  free  wherever  needed.  Books  are  cir- 
culated throughout  United  States  and  Canada. 

Worcester,  Free  Public  Library,  164  titles,  292  volumes.  The  books 
are  circulated  through  central  Massachusetts. 

MICHIGAN. 

School  for  the  Blind,  Lansing.  The  Michigan  School  for  the  Blind 
was  organized  as  a  department  of  the  State  Institution  for  the  Deaf 
and  Blind  and  maintained  at  Flint,  from  1854-1881.  A  separate 
school  was  authorized  by  the  legislature  in  1879  and  opened  in  Lans- 
ing in  1881.  Capacity,  200.  Valuation  of  plant,  $249,843.29. 
Annual  state  appropriation,  $57,000.  School  owns  43  acres  of  land, 
one  of  which  is  available  for  athletics.  For  requirements  for  admis- 
sion, course,  term,  and  purpose  of  institution,  see  Introduction  to  this 
section.     Superintendent,  Clarence  E.  Holmes. 


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Pyramid  Building. 
Physical  training  is  fundamental  in  the  education  of  the  blind. 


52  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

Co-education  of  the  Blind  and  the  Seeing  in  the  Public  ScJwols  of 
Detroit.  A  class  for  blind  children  was  opened  in  Detroit  in  January, 
1912.  At  the  present  time  there  is  only  one  center,  with  25  children. 
This  includes,  however,  two  distinct  classes:  one  for  those  who  are 
blind,  and  the  other  for  those  who  have  partial  sight,  with  13  children 
in  attendance.  For  the  details  of  the  education  of  the  blind  and  the 
partially  blind,  in  the  public  schools,  see  Introduction  to  this  section. 
Teacher  in  charge,  Fannie  S.  Fletcher. 

State  Aid  for  Blind  Babies.  The  State  Board  of  Education  is  au- 
thorized to  make  provision  for  the  care,  maintenance  and  instruction 
of  blind  babies  and  children  under  school  age,  residing  in  Michigan, 
when  the  parents  are  unable  to  properly  care  for  them.  The  Board 
may  contract  with  any  institution  having  facilities  for  such  care, 
maintenance  and  education  (in  Michigan  or  any  other  state)  at  a  con- 
tract price  to  be  agreed  upon  not  exceeding  $5  per  week  per  child. 
Bill  passed  May,  1913. 

Employment  Institution  for  the  Blind,  Saginaw.  Established,  1903; 
opened  November,  1904.  Capacity,  100.  The  original  plant  cost 
$75,000;  additional  buildings  to  the  amount  of  $10,000  have  been 
recently  erected.  The  principal  industries  of  the  men  are  broom- 
and  whisk-making,  and  for  the  women,  rug-weaving  and  chair-caning. 
Instruction  is  also  given  to  a  few  in  piano-tuning,  typewriting,  vocal 
and  instrumental  music,  and  all  who  wish  are  taught  to  read  and 
write  the  embossed  systems.  Temporary  instruction  in  vocational 
training,  with  maintenance,  is  free  to  adults  of  the  state,  and  perma- 
nent opportunities  of  wage  earning  employment  (with  maintenance 
at  cost,  if  desired)  is  provided  for  proficient  industrial  workers  be- 
tween the  ages  of  18  and  60  years. 

The  buildings  of  this  institution  are  attractively  grouped  upon  a 
lot  of  seven  acres  opposite  to  which  is  a  twenty  acre  city  park.  This 
abundance  of  recreational  facilities  and  academic  training  is  mentioned 
because  it  is  so  exceptional  among  the  industrial  institutions. 

This  institution  came  into  being  entirely  as  a  result  of  the  efforts 
of  the  blind  in  Michigan,  and  largely  because  of  the  personal  efforts 
and  devotion  of  Mr.  Ambrose  M.  Shotwell,  who  is  today  the  Librarian 
and  Assistant  Superintendent  of  the  Institution.  Superintendent. 
Frank  G.  Putnam. 

Croud  h'<ij>ids  Association  for  the  Blind.  This  organization  was 
established  in  1913.  Its  purpose  is  to  promote  the  interests  of  the 
blind  in  the  city  of  Grand  Rapids.  It  was  this  organization  which 
secured  the  passage  of  a  state  law  requiring  better  attention  to  the 
eyes  of  infants.  Secretary.  Miss  Roberta  A.  Griffith,  800  Clancy  Ave.. 
N.  E.,  Grand  Rapids.  Mich. 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  53 

Michigan  Blind  People's  Welfare  Association.  This  organization 
was  started  in  1900,  and  convenes  biennially.  Both  officially,  and 
through  its  individual  members,  it  did  much  toward  the  establishment 
of  the  Michigan  Employment  Institution  for  the  Blind.  It  was  this 
organization  that  secured  the  passage  in  1913  of  a  state  law  requiring 
better  attention  to  the  eyes  of  infants.  It  has  also  fostered  a  cam- 
paign in  conjunction  with  the  Grand  Rapids  Association  for  the 
prevention  of  blindness.  Its  constitution  states  that  the  object  of 
the  association  is  "to  promote  in  every  feasible  way,  industrial,  social, 
educational,  and  general  welfare  of  the  blind  in  Michigan."  Presi- 
dent, Roberta  A.  Griffith,  Grand  Rapids;  Secretary,  Clara  M.  AVill- 
son,  Clifford. 

Home  for  Blind  Babies,  Monroe.  Organized,  1911.  Supported  by 
voluntary  contributions  and  fees  paid  by  the  state  for  the  care  of 
blind  babies.  Provides  for  six  children.  Matron,  Mrs.  Margaret 
0  'Loughlin. 

Libraries  for  the  Blind.  Detroit,  Public  Library,  222  volumes,  212 
titles.     Books  are  circulated  in  Detroit  and  environs. 

Lansing,  School  for  the  Blind,  3734  volumes,  960  titles. 

Saginaw,  Michigan  Free  Lending  Library  for  the  Blind,  2500 
volumes,  2100  titles.     Books  are  circulated  throughout  the  state. 

MINNESOTA. 

Srhool  for  tin  Blind,  Faribault.  Founded,  1864.  Capacity,  100. 
Valuation  of  plant,  $150,000.  Annual  state  appropriation,  $35,000. 
For  requirements  for  admission,  course,  term,  and  purpose  of  instruc- 
tion, see  Introduction  to  this  section.  In  addition  to  the  usual  trades 
special  attention  is  paid  to  band  weaving.  This  school  has  evolved 
special  looms  of  its  own.  and  has  worked  out  many  of  the  old  South- 
ern blue  and  white  designs.  The  school  owns  about  50  acres  of  land, 
10  of  which  are  used  for  athletics.     Superintendent,  J.  J.  Dow. 

Summer  School  for  Blind  Adults.  Faribault.  Founded,  1907. 
Capacity,  15.  Through  the  instrumentality  of  Superintendent  J.  J. 
Dow,  the  legislature  made  an  appropriation  sufficient  to  try  the  ex- 
periment of  using  the  state  school  for  the  blind  during  ten  weeks  of 
the  summertime  to  give  instruction  to  a  limited  number  of  blind 
men.  A  similar  term  of  four  weeks  is  offered  to  blind  women.  This 
is  the  first  institution  for  the  blind  in  the  United  States  to  utilize 
its  plant  in  this  way.  Instruction  is  given  in  broom-making,  rug- 
and  carpet- weaving,'  hammock-,  flynet-  and  basket-making,  cabinet 
work  and  the  use  of  carpenters'  tools.  Pupils  are  also  taught  to  read 
and  write,  when  possible  to  use  the  typewriter.     The  advocates  of  the 


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56  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

summer  school  plan  make  no  exaggerated  claims  for  the  undertak- 
ing, hut  tVcl  that  this  arrangement  has  served  to  give  courage  to  many 
of  those  who  have  attended  to  try  and  make  a  better  use  of  their 
faculties.  Full  information  relative  to  requirements  for  admission 
can  be  secured  upon  application  to  Superintendent  J.  J.  Dow. 

Fit  Id  mid  Employmt  nt  Agt  ncy  for  the  Blind,  Faribault.  '  Founded, 
1913.  This  activity  in  behalf  of  the  adult  blind  in  Minnesota  has 
within  it  the  possibility  of  doing  everything  that  has  been  contemplated 
by  state  commissions  for  the  blind,  and  we  refer  the  reader  to  "com- 
missions for  the  blind"  in  the  Introduction  of  this  section.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  usual  activities  of  commissions  the  Agency  maintains  a 
branch  tuning  department  for  the  free  training  of  blind  piano-tuners 
in  the  midway  district  of  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis.  This  effort  on 
behalf  of  the  adult  blind  of  Minnesota  is  carried  on  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  State  School  for  Blind  Youth.  The  expenses  are  met  from 
the  support  fund  of  the  state  school.    Director,  J.  J.  Dow. 

Higher  Education  Aid.  Aid  to  the  amount  of  $300  a  year  is  given 
to  a  limited  number  of  blind  students  in  universities,  colleges  and  con- 
servatories of  music  at  the  discretion  and  under  the  direction  of  the 
Board  of  Directors  of  the  Minnesota  School  for  the  Blind. 

State  Aid  for  Blind  Infants.  The  State  Board  of  Control  is  au- 
thorized to  make  provision  for  the  care,  medical  treatment,  main- 
tenance and  education  of  indigent  blind  infants  and  young  children 
under  school  age.  These  children,  however,  are  to  be  cared  for  within 
the  state. 

Minneapolis  Society  for  th<  Blind.  Franklin  Building,  Minneapolis. 
Organized  1914.     Executive  Secretary,  Miss  Edith  Marsh. 

Library  for  the  Blind.  Faribault,  School  for  the  Blind,  4,000  vol- 
umes; 566  titles.     Books  may  lie  circulated*  throughout  the  state. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

School  for  the  Blind,  Jackson.  Founded,  1846.  Capacity,  85. 
Valuation  of  plant,  $75,000.  Annual  state  appropriation,  $61,000  for 
1914  and  1915.  The  school  owns  10  acres. of  land.  For  requirements 
for  admission,  course,  term,  and  purpose  of  instruction,  see  the  Intro- 
duction to  this  section.     Superintendent,  R.  S.  Curry,  M.  D. 

Library  for  the  Blind.  Jackson,  School  for  the  Blind,  about  1500 
volumes,  980  titles. 

MISSOURI. 

School  for  the  Blind,  St.  Louis.  Founded,  1851.  Capacity,  135. 
Valuation  of  plant,  $412,000.     Annual  state  appropriation,  $50,000. 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  57 

The  school  owns  five  acres  of  land,  two  of  which  are  available  for 
athletics.  For  requirements  for  admission,  course,  term,  and  purpose 
of  instruction,  see  the  Introduction  to  this  section.  Superintendent, 
S.  M.  Green. 

State  Aid  for  College  Students.  In  1913  a  law  was  passed  whereby 
a  blind  student,  admitted  to  higher  institutions  of  learning  in  the 
state,  might  be  assisted  to  the  extent  of  $300  a  year,  to  employ  persons 
to  read  text-books  and  pamphlets  used  by  such  pupil  in  his  studies 
at  the  College,  University  or  School.  The  beneficiary  under  this  act 
is  required  to  produce  evidence  that  neither  he,  his  parents  nor  his 
guardian,  is  able  to  pay  the  expense  of  providing  a  reader. 

Association  for  the  Blind,  703  .Metropolitan  Bldg.,  St.  Louis. 
Founded,  1911.  Is  supported  by  voluntary  contributions.  A  broom- 
shop  employing  15  men  is  maintained.  Some  basket-making  is  also 
done.  The  general  purposes  of  the  association  are  similar  to  those 
outlined  in  the  Introduction  to  this  section.  The  association  was 
largely- responsible  for  the  law  creating  the  Commission  for  the  Blind. 
Executive  Secretary,  Mrs.  Annie  F.  Harris. 

Commission  for  the  Blind.  Established,  1915.  The  law  creating 
the  commission  is  very  similar  to  that  creating  the  commissions  in  other 
states  and  has  already  been  outlined  in  the  Introduction  of  this  sec- 
tion. The  first  appropriation  was  $12,500,  but  coupled  with  the  con- 
dition that  a  like  amount  be  raised  from  private  subscriptions.  Presi- 
dent, -I.  I).  Perry  Francis,  St.  Louis. 

Home  for  Blind  Girls,  5235  Page  Boulevard,  St.  Louis.  Founded, 
1867.  Capacity,  40.  Valuation  of  plant,  $80,000.  Supported  by  con- 
tributions and  proceeds  from  a  small  endowment  fund.  Open  to 
Missouri  women  without  homes  who  are  unable  to  support  themselves. 
The  inmates  aid  with  the  housework,  and  sew  and  knit.  The  building 
is  modern  and  excellently  eq nipped.  Resident  officer,  Mrs.  P.  S. 
Pelton. 

UniU  d  Workers  for  the  Blind,  2616  Gamble  St.,  St.  Louis.  Founded, 
1913.  One  purpose  of  this  organization  is  to  provide  sick  and  funeral 
benefits  for  the  blind  of  Missouri,  although  the  chief  purpose  of  the 
society  is  to  secure  "pensions  for  the  blind."  To  further  this  cam- 
paign it  issues  a  monthly  paper  in  ink-print  and  American  Braille, 
known  as  "The  World  of  the  Blind."  The  membership  of  this  society 
is  limited  to  blind  persons  or  relatives  of  the  blind.  President,  Jos. 
Unterberger,  6033  Westminster  St.,  St.  Louis. 

Libraries  for  the  Blind.  St.  Louis,  Public  Library,  489  volumes; 
44  titles.     Books  may  be    circulated   throughout   Missouri   and   the 


—      T 


60  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

adjoining  states.     In  1912  an  embossed  catalog  was  published.     Addi- 
tions are  noted  monthly  in  ink-print  bulletin. 

St.  J. (juts.  School  for  the  Blind,  4760  volumes;  569  titles.  Books 
may   be  circulated   throughout  the  state. 

MONTANA. 

School  for  tin  Deaf  and  Wind,  Boulder.  Founded,  1894.  Capac- 
ity. 25  (blind).  This  Institution  not  only  has  charge  of  the  deaf 
and  blind,  but  the  institution  for  feeble-minded  is  under  the  same 
management.  Valuation  of  plant,  $330,771.05.  Annual  state  appro- 
priation, $83,750.  The  school  owns  490  acres  of  land,  10  of  which 
are  available  for  athletics.  There  is  a  gymnasium.  For  requirements 
for  admission,  course,  term,  and  purpose  of  instruction,  see  Intro- 
duction to  this  section.     Superintendent,  II.  J.  Menzemer. 

Library  for  the  Blind.  Boulder,  School  for  the  Blind,  189  volumes, 
56  titles.     Books  may  be  circulated  throughout  the  state. 

NEBRASKA. 

School  for  tJic  Blind,  Nebraska  City.  Established,  1875.  Capac- 
ity, 100.  Valuation  of  plant,  $200,000.  Annual  state  appropriation, 
$25,000.  The  school  owns  ten  acres  of  land,  five  of  which  are  used  for 
athletics.  There  is  a  gymnasium.  For  requirements  for  admission, 
course,  term,  and  purpose  of  instruction,  see  Introduction  to  this 
section.     Superintendent,   N.   C.   Abbott. 

Nebraska  Commission  for  the  Blind.  Founded,  1913.  Appropria- 
tion. $2,000  for  biennium.  The  Commission  employs  a  Held  agent. 
The  activities  of  this  Commission  are  similar  to  those  outlined  in  the 
I  til  reduction  to  this  section.     Executive  officer,  N.  C.  Abbott. 

Library  for  the  Wind.  Nebraska  City,  School  for  the  Blind,  4000 
volumes;  1700  titles.     Books  may  be  circulated  throughout  the  state. 

NEW    HAMPSHIRE. 

State  Ilonn  Teaching.  In  September,  1913,  a  law  was  passed  ap- 
propriating $5,000  for  the  assistance  of  the  adult  blind.  The  purpose 
of  the  law  is  very  similar  to  that  creating  commissions  for  the  blind 
in  other  stales,  the  only  difference  being  that  instead  of  placing  the 
work  under  a  separate  board  of  management,  it  was  put  under  the 
supervision  of  the  State  Board  of  Charities  and  Correction.  Further- 
more, instead  of  opening  an  industrial  institution  for  the  small  num- 
ber of  New  Hampshire  blind,  who  might  benefit  by  the  same,  those 
who  need  trade  training,  which  cannot  be  given  in  the  home,  are  sent 
to  industrial  institutions  for  the  blind  in  neighboring  states.     Henry 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  61 

J.  Van  Vliet,  who  is  in  charge  of  this  work,  was  at  one  time  a  student 
at  the  Perkins  Institution  and  has  twice  been  a  member  of  the  New 
Hampshire  Legislature.  Communications  concerning  this  work  should 
be  addressed  to  the  State  Board  of  Charities  and  Correction,  Con- 
cord, N.  H. 

Pensions  for  the  Blind.  In  1915  a  law  was  passed  which  provided 
a  sum.  not  to  exceed  $150  per  annum  to  be  paid  from  the  County 
Treasury  to  each  needy  blind  person.  The  New  Hampshire  law  is 
almost  an  exact  replica  of  the  Ohio  law.  The  reader  is  therefore 
referred  to  Ohio  for  further  particulars  upon  this  subject. 

Association  for  the  Blind.  Established,  1913,  its  purpose  in  gen- 
eral being  to  further  the  interests  of  the  blind  of  the  state,  and  to 
cooperate,  so  far  as  possible,  with  the  efforts  carried  on  at  state  ex- 
pense.    Secretary.  Miss  Kate  Sanborn,  Tilton,  N.  H. 

Libraries  for  the  Blind.    Concord,  Stale  Library. 

Manchester,  City  Library. 

NEW  JERSEY. 

Commission  for  tin  Blind,  54  James  St..  Newark.  Established  in 
1909.  The  general  plan  and  purpose  of  the  Commission  is  outlined 
under  "Commission  for  the  blind."  in  the  Introduction  to  this  sec- 
tion. The  Commission  employs  a  Supervisor,  her  Secretary,  a  book- 
keeper, and  five  traveling  home  teachers.  Weekly  lessons  in  tuning 
are  also  given  at  headquarters. 

State  Education  of  Blind  Children.  New  Jersey  maintains  no  in- 
stitution for  the  education  of  her  blind  children,  but  sends  them,  at 
the  expense  of  the  state,  to  the  New  York  Institute  for  the  Blind,  in 
New  York  City,  and  to  the   Pennsylvania  Institution  at  Overbrook. 

Co-education  of  the  Blind  and  ilic  Seeing  in  tin  Public  Schools  of 
Network.  A  class  for  blind  children  was  opened  in  November,  1910. 
There  is  an  attendance  of  17.  If  children  enter  this  class  from 
neighboring  towns  a  fee  of  $200  is  charged.  The  plan  for  educating 
blind  children  in  the  public  schools  is  outlined  in  the  Introduction 
to  Ibis  section.    Teacher  in  charge,  Miss  Janet  G.  Paterson. 

Co-education  of  the  Blind  and  the  Seeing  in  the  Public  Schools  of 
Jersey  City.  A  class  for  blind  children  was  opened  in  this  city  in 
December,  1911.  Six  children  are  in  attendance.  Tuition  for  chil- 
dren from  neighboring  cities  is  $100.  For  further  particulars,  sec 
the  Introduction  to  this  section.  Teacher  in  charge,  Miss  Clara  M. 
Croff. 

New  Jersey  State  Aid  for  Blind  Babies.  New  Jersey  makes  pro- 
vision of  $450.00  a  year  for  the  care,  medical  treatment,  maintenance. 


Photo  from  the  School  for  the  Wind.  Colorado  Springs.  Colo. 


Instruction  for  the  blind  in  poultry  raising  has  been  given  with  increasing  interest  since 
1907.     The  Colorado  school  has  developed  this  phase  of  training  for  blind  children  exten- 
sively. 


fti 


•'*fti.  \ 


l'hoto  from  the  School  for  the  Blind,  Hartford,  Oram, 


Outdoor  employment  furnishes  one  of  the  best  forms  of  physical  and 
manual  training  for  the  blind. 


64  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

and  education  of  each  blind  infant  and  child  under  school  age,  whose 
parents  are  unable  to  properly  care  for  them.  These  infants  may  be 
Bent  to  the  Arthur  Home  for  Blind  Babies.  "When  blind  children  are 
old  enough  to  go  to  a  school  ior  the  blind,  the  state  will  pay  for  their 
tuition  while  attending  such  an  institution  in  a  neighboring  state,  at 
the  rate  of  $400  a  year. 

Tin  Arthur  Home  for  Blind  Babies,  Summit.  Founded,  June,  1909, 
by  the  Department  of  the  Blind  of  the  International  Sunshine  Society. 
This  Nursery  can  take  care  of  45  infants.  It  is  supported  by  voluntary 
contributions  and  the  fees  received  from  states  which  have  sent  blind 
babies  to  it.  The  states  which  pay  for  the  maintenance  of  blind  chil- 
dren outside  of  their  borders  have  a  reference  to  such  a  law  under 
the  respective  states.     Superintendent,  Miss  Anna  Welch. 

Home  of  our  Lady  of  Perpetual  Help  for  the  Blind,  Bayonne. 
Founded,  1890,  incorporated  in  1891,  as  a  boarding  and  day  school 
for  blind  and  partially  blind  children,  and  a  home  for  the  aged 
blind,  male  and  female.  This  institution  receives  the  blind  from  any 
part  of  the  United  States.     In  charge,  Sister  Rosalie. 

St.  Joseph's  Home  for  the  Blind,  Jersey  City.  The  home  was  opened 
by  the  Sisters  of  St.  Joseph  of  Peace  in  the  fall  of  1890,  in  a  private 
residence.  The  main  building  was  completed  in  1899,  at  a  cost  of 
$65,000.  Since  that  time  large  additions  and  improvements  have  been 
made.  In  1905  a  house  was  purchased  adjoining  the  main  building 
to  be  used  as  a  residence  for  men  who  were  for  the  first  time  admitted. 
In  1908  a  much  larger  house  was  added  and  occupied  by  the  men  as 
a  home,  their  former  building  being  converted  into  workshops.  In 
1909  a  third  house  was  purchased,  to  be  used  as  a  school  department 
for  children. 

Applicants  without  a  home,  and  having  no  one  to  care  for  them,  are 
admitted  to  the  institution  from  any  state,  and  it  is  expected  that  most, 
especially  the  older  ones,  will  remain  for  life.  The  state  makes  no 
appropriation  for  the  institution,  whose  maintenance  is  entirely  de- 
pendent upon  voluntary  contributions.  The  institution  is  owned  by 
the  Sisters  and  is  a  monument  to  their  devotion  to  the  welfare  of  the 
blind.  The  male  occupants  of  the  Home  work  at  mattress-making, 
broom-making,  chair-caning,  hammock-making  and  weaving.  They 
receive  a  percentage  of  their  earnings.  The  younger  women  are  given 
instruction  in  sewing,  knitting  and  crocheting.  They  also  make  ham- 
mocks and  prepare  the  covers  for  mattresses  for  that  department. 
The  regular  branches  are  taught  in  the  school  department,  and  both 
instrumental  and  vocal  music  are  taught.  In  charge,  Sister  M.  Ger- 
trude. 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  65 

Camden  County  Association  of  Workers  for  the  Blind.  Meeting 
place,  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Its  object  is  to  promote  the  social,  intellectual,  and 
economical  welfare  of  the  blind.  Secretary,  Miss  Ethel  Robinson, 
314  Elm  St.,  Camden,  N.  J. 

New  Jersey  Association  for  tin  Blind.  Montclair.  Organized,  1911. 
The  purpose  of  this  organization  is  to  cooperate  in  every  possible 
way  with  the  State  Commission  for  the  Blind,  and  to  aid  in  stimulating 
further  state  aid  for  additional  work  for  the  blind.  President,  Rev. 
Win.  J.  Dawson,  D.  D. 

New  Jersey  Blind  Men's  Club,  -A  -lames  St..  Newark.  Organized, 
1910.  Its  object  is  to  promote  the  social  and  economical  welfare  of 
the  blind.     Secretary.  W.  .1.  Addickes. 

New  Jersey  Progressiva  /Hind  Men's  Society,  Free  Public  Library, 
Jersey  Cili).  Organized,  1910.  Its  objecl  is  to  promote  social,  intel- 
lectual, and  economical  welfare  of  the  blind.  Secretary.  L.  P. 
Schuerman. 

Trento'n  Association  of  Workers  for  tin  Blind,  Trenton.  Organized, 
L911.  Object  is  to  promote  the  social  and  economical  welfare  of  the 
blind.     Secretary.  .Mrs.  Stanley  (Yosland.  241  Tyler  St.,  Trenton,  N.  J. 

Tin  Trenton  Auxiliary  for  tin  Industrial  Blind,  346  South  War- 
ren St..  Tnnton.  Valuation  of  plant,  $3,500.  A  working  home  for 
men  where  chair-caning  ami  rug-weaving  are  done.  Headquarters 
called  the  "Lighthouse."    President,  Mrs.  Harriet  Fisher  Andrews. 

Libraries  for  tin  lliind.  The  Library  for  the  Blind,  X.  V.  Public 
Library,  and  the  Five  Public  Library  of  Philadelphia  loan  books  to 
residents  of  New  Jersey.  This  puts  at  the  disposal  of  the  blind  of  this 
state  books  from  the  largesl  collection  of  embossed  books  for  the  blind 
in  the  United  States. 

NEW    MEXICO. 

Institute  for  the  Blind.  Alamogordo.  Founded,  1903;  opened, 
1906.  Capacity,  50.  Valuation  of  plant,  $50,000.  Annual  state  ap- 
propriation, $20,000.  Fifty  thousand  acres  of  land  have  been  given 
by  the  state  to  this  institution,  and  will  ultimately  become  a  source  of 
Large  income.  For  school  use  there  ate  22  acres  of  land,  two  of  which 
are  devoted  to  athletics.  There  is  a  gymnasium.  For  requirements 
for  admission,  course,  term,  and  purpose  of  instruction,  see  the  Intro- 
duction to  this  section.     Superintendent,  Pi.  R.  Pratt. 

Library  for  the  Blind.  Alamogordo,  Institute  for  the  Blind,  500 
volumes,  100  titles.  The  books  may  be  circulated  throughout  the 
state. 


66  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

NEW    YORK. 

Nt  w  York  Instituti  for  tin  Education  of  the  Blind,  34th  Street  and 
9th  Ave.,  New  York  City.  Founded,  1831;  opened,  March  15,  1832. 
Capacity,  180.  Valuation  of  plant,  $1,130,000.  Annual  state  ap- 
propriation. $350  per  capita ;  other  income  from  investments.  Pupils 
are  admitted  without  restriction  as  to  residence  but  aie  appointed  as 
state  pupils  from  Greater  New  York  and  the  neighboring  counties  of 
the  state  by  the  New  York  State  Education  Department.  They  are 
also  appointed  as  state  pupils  from  New  Jersey  on  application  to  the 
Governor,  as  well  as  from  other  localities  by  arrangement  with  the 
Board  of  Managers.  The  institution  owns  several  lots  of  land  in  New 
York  City.  These  have  been  purchased  at  different  times  with  the 
expectation  of  moving  the  school  from  its  present  location,  which  is 
next  to  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Station,  to  a  site  where  there  will 
be  more  space  for  new  buildings,  athletics  and  recreation.  The  Board 
of  Managers  is,  as  this  goes  to  press,  in  the  midst  of  making  arrange- 
ments for  the  final  location  of  the  new  school.  In  the  meantime,  the 
institution  still  stands  upon  the  historic  site  which  it  has  occupied 
for  82  years,  and  covers  about  four  acres  of  ground,  two  of  which 
are  available  for  athletics.  There  is  a  gymnasium.  For  requirements 
for  admission,  course,  term,  and  purpose  of  institution,  see  Introduc- 
tion to  this  section.     Principal,  Edward  M.  Van  Cleve. 

State  School  for  the  Blind,  Batavia.  Founded,  1865;  opened,  1868. 
Capacity,  180.  Valuation  of  plant,  $460,000.  Annual  state  appro- 
priation, $60,000,  approximately.  The  children  are  admitted  from 
any  part  of  the  state  excepting  the  ten  lower  counties.  The  school 
owns  sixtj^  acres  of  land,  two  of  which  are  available  for  athletics. 
There  is  a  gymnasium.  For  requirements  for  admission,  course,  term, 
and  purpose  of  instruction,  see  the  Introduction  to  this  section.  Super- 
intendent, C.  A.  Hamilton. 

Catholic  Institute  for  the  Blind,  175th  Street  and  University  Ave., 
N(  ir  York  City.  Founded,  1909.  Capacity,  30.  It  occupies  rented 
quarters,  and  is  supported  both  by  city  appropriation  and  voluntary 
contributions.  Its  purpose  is  the  education  and  care  of  Catholic  blind 
children,  under  the  direction  of  the  Sisters  of  St.  Dominic.  Superior- 
ess. Sister  M.  Bertrand. 

Co-education  of  the  Blind  and  the  Seeing,  in  the  Public  Schools; 
of  New  York  City.  Established,  1909.  Total  enrollment.  184.  There 
are  18  centers,  16  for  blind  children  (i.  e.,  those  with  less  than  6/60 
vision)  ;  1  for  blind  children  of  kindergarten  age;  and  2  centers  for 
children  with  defective  vision  (i.  e.,  those  who  have  more  than  6/60 
vision  and  less  than  enough  to  attend  the  regular  classes  with  profit). 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  67 

Pupils  vary  in  ages  from  4  to  19  years,  and  attend  all  the  grades 
from  the  kindergarten  to  the  last  year  in  high  school.  One  boy,  a 
strictly  "public  school  product,"  graduated  at  the  head  of  his  class 
and  is  now  studying  law  at  Columbia  University.  For  further  par- 
ticulars about  the  public  school  method  of  education  see  the  Intro- 
duction to  this  section.    Supervisor,  Miss  Frances  E.  Moscrip. 

State  Aid  for  College  Students.  New  York  has  the  distinction  of 
being  the  first  state  to  appropriate  public  funds  to  provide  readers 
for  blind  students  attending  universities.  The  law,  with  an  appro- 
priation annually  of  $3,000,  went  into  effect  in  July,  1907.  The  bill 
was  formulated  and  enacted  through  the  untiring  efforts  of  a  blind 
man,  Dr.  Newel  Perry.  The  allowance  for  each  student  is  $300  a 
year. 

New  York  Commission  for  the  Blind,  105  W.  40th  St.,  New  York. 
Established,  1913.  State  appropriation,  1915-16,  $31,640.  The  com- 
mission employs  eight  home  teachers  (blind),  one  field  agent  (par- 
tially blind)  and  two  social  service  nurses.  Home  teaching  centers 
have  been  established  in  Yonkers,  Albany,  Glens  Falls,  Utica,  Syracuse, 
Rochester,  and  Buffalo,  while  Industrial  Training  Centers  are  located 
in  Albany,  Glens  Falls.  Qtiea,  and  Rochester.  The  activities  of  the 
Commission  in  Brooklyn  and  New  York  are  in  affiliation  with  the 
privately  supported  associations  in  these  cities.  All  individual  cases 
are  referred  to  the  Associations,  the  Commission  availing  itself  of  the 
organized  machinery  of  these  Associations  to  'supplement  their  work. 
Material  is  furnished  by  the  Commission  for  articles  to  be  manufac- 
tured from  samples  under  the  direction  of  the  Association  visitor. 
Checks  for  satisfactory  work  are  made  out  to  individual  blind  workers 
by  the  Commission,  and  are  distributed  by  the  Association.  This  plan 
establishes  uniform  standards  and  avoids  duplication  of  effort.  The 
Commission  acts  as  a  clearing  house  for  sales  of  work  for  privately 
supported  associations  as  well  as  for  individual  workers.  The  funda- 
mental policy  of  this  Commission  is  outlined  in  the  Introduction  to 
this  section.     Secretary,  Miss  Marion  A.  Campbell. 

New  York  City  Pension.  "Adult  blind  persons  not  inmates  of  any 
of  the  public  or  private  institutions  in  the  City  of  New  York,  who 
shall  be  in  need  of  relief,  and  who  shall  be  citizens  of  the  United  States, 
and  shall  have  been  residents  of  the  said  city  for  two  years  previous 
to  the  application  for  such  relief"  (to  quote  from  the  city  charter,  of 
June,  1900,  section  576),  may  receive  a  sum  not  to  exceed  $100  "under 
such  rules  and  restrictions  as  the  Board  may  deem  necessary."  The 
total  amount  of  money  distributed  in  pensions  is  not  to  exceed  $75,000 
annually.  This  money  is  distributed  twice  a  year.  The  first  city 
pension  was  paid  in  1875. 


68  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

New  Yuri;  Association  for  the  Blind,  111  E.  59th  St.,  New  York. 
Founded,  1905.  The  valuation  of  the  various  plants  is  as  follows: 
The  Light  house,  at  111   E.  59th  St..  $278,764.60;  Vacation  Home,  at 


1  'I  into  from  the  Now  York  Association  for  the  Blind. 

Eeadquartera  of  the  New   York   Association  for  the  Blind,  Otherwise  Known  as 

"The  Lighthouse." 

Efforts  in  behalf  of  the  adult  blind  are  now  being  made  in  many  states,  but 
in  none  is  there  to  be  found  n  more  completely  equipped  building  than  that  of  the 
above  organization, 


Cornwall-on-the-Hudson,  $20,000;  Tuning  School,  at  357  E  49th  St., 
rented  building;  The  Bourne  Workshop,  338  E.  35th  St..  $130,000. 
All  the  activities  of  the  New  York  Association  are  supported  by  vol- 
untary contributions  and  by  the  income  from  a  $400,000  endowment 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  69 

fund.  The  various  trades  pursued  by  the  beneficiaries  defray  a  con- 
siderable portion  of  the  operating  expenses,  but  a  large  proportion  of 
the  outlay  is  for  certain  phases  of  educational  work,  relief,  and  social 
settlement  activities  for  which  there  is  no  financial  return.  There  is 
no  restriction  as  to  age,  race,  or  creed  of  applicants.  The  Associa- 
tion aims  to  aid  the  blind  in  every  possible  manner,  and  its  purposes 
are  well  exemplified  in  the  Introduction  to  this  section  of  the  Encyclo- 
p<  dia.  The  activities  of  the  Association  are  carried  on  all  the  year 
round.  The  Vacation  Home  at  Cornwall-on-the-Hudson,  is  open  from 
June  until  September,  and  for  convalescents  during  the  remainder  of 
the  year. 

The  New  York  Association  has  established  several  clubs,  the  chief 
purpose  of  which  is  to  establish  pleasant  social  relations  between  mem- 
bers of  the  various  organizations.  Secretary,  Miss  Winifred  Holt. 

Tuning  School,  357  E.  49th  St.  Operated  under  the  auspices  of 
the  New  York  Association  for  the  Blind.  Opened  in  the  fall  of  1913. 
There  are  eight  pupils.  Their  suitability  for  work  admits  them.  The 
length  of  the  course  depends  entirely  upon  the  ability  of  the  pupils, 
previous  training  in  work,  etc.  There  is  a  special  examination  given 
before  certificates  are  granted.  The  pupils  are  examined  by  a  dis- 
interested firm  of  piano  manufacturers  who  pass  upon  their  ability, 
etc.  Three  former  pupils  are  now  actively  and  profitably  engaged  in 
private  and  factory  tuning. 

Bourne  Workshop  for  lh<  Blind,  338  E.  35th  St..  New  York.  This 
workshop  is  maintained  and  operated  by  the  New  York  Association 
for  the  Blind.  Broom-making  is  the  principal  industry,  and  was 
begun  in  1906.  The  present  building,  donated  by  Miss  Emily  Bourne, 
was  opened  in  October,  1912.  Valuation  of  plant,  $130,000.  Employ- 
ment can  be  given  to  90  men.  There  are  no  restrictions,  as  to  age, 
race,  or  creed,  for  admission,  except  that  applicants  must  be  from 
Xew  York  City  or  state.  There  is  no  boarding  house  connected  with 
this  workshop.     Superintendent.   De  Witt  Killinger. 

Industrial  Home  for  tJic  Blind  of  Brooklyn,  512  Gates  Ave.,  Brook- 
lyn.    This  was  the  first  organized  movement  in  behalf  of  the  adult 
blind  in  New  York  State.     Founded,  October  1,  1893 ;  capacity,  75 
valuation  of  plant.  $50,000.     Broom-making,  chair-caning,  and  mat 
tress-making  are  the  chief  industries.    Deficit  is  made  up  entirely  by 
private  subscriptions.     A  boarding  house  is  operated  chiefly  for  the 
benefit  of  single  men,  where  board  is  provided  at  a  nominal  figure 
About  one-half  of  the  men  avail  themselves  of  the  boarding  house,  and 
the  remainder  of  the  employees  live  in  the  neighborhood.     Superin- 
tendent, Eben  P.  Morford. 


70  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

Headquarters  for  the  Blind,  Brooklyn  Bureau  of  Charities,  267 
Schermerhorn  St.,  Marie  Bloede  Memorial  Bldg.,  Brooklyn.  Estab- 
lished, 1914.  Valuation  of  plant,  $35,000.  Supported  by  private 
contributions  and  by  income  from  the  Fox  bequest.  Available  to 
residents  of  Brooklyn.  The  activities  of  this  institution  are  now  car- 
ried on  in  a  building  which  is  donated,  and  might  be  said  to  serve 
as  headquarters  for  much  of  the  social  activity  in  behalf  of  the  blind 
of  Brooklyn.  Several  clubs  of  blind  people  meet  here.  Besides  the 
weaving  and  basketry,  which  are  taught  to  blind  women,  classes  in 
cooking,  etc.,  are  arranged  for  those  who  wish  to  avail  themselves 
of  the  same.  Two  home  teachers  are  maintained.  Blind  children  from 
the  public  schools  in  Brooklyn  come  here  Saturday  mornings  for 
instruction  in  sewing,  basketry,  cooking,  physical  training  and  camp 
fire  work.  The  headquarters  are  open  from  September  1st  to  July 
1st.     Director,  Thomas  J.  Riley. 

Department  for  the  Blind,  Brooklyn.  Association  for  Improving 
the  Condition  of  the  Poor.  This  institution  is  known  as  the  Exchange 
and  Training  Center  for  the  Blind,  of  the  Brooklyn  A.  I.  C.  P.  It 
was  established  in  1912,  and  is  supported  by  contributions  and  by 
income  from  the  Fox  bequest.  Conducts  a  workshop  and  salesroom; 
chairs  are  caned  and  baskets  made  in  the  workshop;  in  the  sales- 
room baskets,  rugs  and  knitted  articles  are  sold  on  consignment  for 
blind  individuals  and  for  students  or  employees  in  the  workshop.  The 
department  also  conducts  a  school  where  blind  young  men  and  women 
are  given  advanced  training  in  the  use  of  the  typewriter  and  dicta- 
phone, with  a  special  reference  to  clerical  work  in  offices  and  to  the 
transcription  of  court  proceedings.  It  is  also  about  to  establish  a 
school  for  salesmanship  through  affiliation  with  a  department  of 
Columbia  University.  There  are  38  blind  men  in  the  basket  shop ;  13 
in  the  typewriting  classes,  and  13  in  the  salesmanship  class.  Director, 
Charles  Bishop  Hayes. 

New  York  State  Federation  of  Workers  for  the  Blind.  This  organi- 
zation was  established  primarily  to  secure  legislation  necessary  for  the 
establishment  of  a  state  commission  for  the  blind.  Since  the  crea- 
tion of  the  commission  the  federation  has  not  been  very  active,  but  it 
still  exists  in  case  it  is  needed  to  help  out  some  other  movement  in 
behalf  of  the  blind.  President,  Charles  J.  Himmelsbach;  Secretary, 
C.  A.  Hamilton,  School  for  the  Blind,  Batavia,  N.  Y. 

Central  Council  of  Workers  far  the  Blind,  New  York  City.  This 
organization  is  endeavoring  to  become  a  clearing  house  for  work  for 
the  blind  in  New  York  City.    President,  Charles  Bishop  Hayes. 

New   York   Blind  Aid  Association,  442  W.  35th  St.,   New   York. 


Photo  from  the  New  York  Association  for  the  Blind. 

The  Bourne  Workshop  for  Blind  Men  is  typical  of  the  buildings  in  many  states  devoted  to 
the  industrial  training  and  employment  of  the  blind. 


72  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

Meets  at  University  Settlement.  Is  an  incorporated  relief  organiza- 
tion for  blind  members,  with  slated  benefits. 

Council  of  Jewish  Women,  New  York  Section.  A  sub-committee 
o!'  this  Council  lias  taken  an  active  interest  in  the  needs  of  the  Jewish 
blind  since  lf)06.  The  Committee  provides  relief  for  the  indigent 
Jewish  hlind  of  New  York  City.  The  National  Council  of  Jewish 
Women  lias  frequently  sent  recommendations  to  the  various  sections 
of  this  organization  throughout  the  country,  and  in  many  cities  the 
members  of  the  Council  have  done  effective  work  in  behalf  of  l  he 
blind  in  their  own  locality.    President  of  Section,  .Miss  Sadie  American. 

Blind  Haiti*  s'  Mothers'  Association,  66  Broadway,  New  York  City. 
The  object  of  this  Association  is  to  unite,  in  local  groups  and  eventually 
in  national  conference,  the  parents  and  relatives  of  blind  children, 
for  the  betterment  of  home  conditions  surrounding  the  blind;  to 
bring  into  closer  touch  the  parents  and  teachers  of  blind  children; 
to  send  helpful  and  instructive  literature  to  parents  of  the  blind  in 
rural  communities,  and  to  afford  a  medium  of  exchange  of  ideas 
among  those  so  scattered;  to  distribute  instructive  pamphlets  written 
by  eminent  specialists  on  the  proper  home  care  of  the  eyes  of  young 
children  as  a  preventive  measure  and  as  a  first  step  toward  restoration 
of  lost  sight :  to  encourage  parents  to  instil  into  the  minds  of  their 
blind  children,  in  their  early  childhood,  a  spirit  of  independence  and 
helpfulness,  looking  toward  useful  citizenship.  Financial  Secretary, 
F.  H.  Jerome. 

The  Brooklyn  and  Queens  Blind  Welfare  Society,  3  South  Elliott 
Place.  Brooklyn.  Established,  1913.  An  organization  primarily  of 
blind  people,  formed  chiefly  to  foster  legislation  or  any  other  activ- 
ity for  the  benefit  of  the  blind.  The  Society  meets  monthly.  Presi- 
dent, Edward  T\rson,  291  Nostrand  Ave.,  Brooklyn. 

The  Manhattan  and  Bronx  Blind  Peoples'  League.  The  primary 
purpose  of  this  organization  was  to  secure  the  passage  of  a  bill  creat- 
ing a  State  Commission  for  the  Blind.  The  Association  is  supported 
by  voluntary  contributions  and  holds  monthly  meetings  from  Septem- 
ber to  June.     Secretary.  Emily  Heil,  379  E  158th  St. 

Mispah  Circle,  516  Gates  Ave.,  Brooklyn.  This  Association  was 
instituted  in  1886,  its  chief  purpose  being  to  secure  the  establishment 
of  an  industrial  home  for  the  adult  blind,  which  was  later  accom- 
plished. The  Circle  now  devotes  its  interest  to  helping  individual 
blind  people.     Secretary.  Mary  Braun,  561   Argyle  Road,  Brooklyn. 

City  Honit,  Blackwell's  Island.  Maintained  by  the  city  for  indi- 
gent blind  men  and  women.  Application  is  made  to  the  Department 
of  Charities,  Bureau  of  Dependent  Adults.     The  State  Charities  Aid 


74  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

Association  has  sent  a  teacher  to  the  blind  inmates  of  the  City  Home 
for  a  number  of  years.  The  New  York  Public  Library  has  for  many 
years  sent  a  teacher  for  instruction  in  reading.  The  New  York  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Blind  has,  since  its  organization,  sent  a  teacher  weekly 
to  many  of  the  women  in  the  ward  for  the  blind  for  instruction  in 
knitting,  crocheting  and  sewing.  Monthly  entertainments  ■  are  held 
for  both  men  and  women  at  which  tobacco  and  candy  are  distributed. 

Home  for  the  Relief  of  the  Destitute  Blind,  104th  St.  and  Amster- 
dam Ave.,  New  York.  Founded,  1868.  Capacity,  about  50  men  and 
50  women.  Supported  by  annual  subscriptions  and  by  income  from  a 
small  endowment.  New  buildings  for  the  Home  are  in  process  of 
construction.  Applicants  are  admitted  from  New  York  City  and 
vicinity.  The  women  occupy  themselves  with  sewing,  knitting,  and 
crocheting,  and  the  men  re-seat  chairs  and  re-make  mattresses.  None 
of  the  industries  is  carried  on,  however,  with  the  idea  of  furnishing 
an  income  for  the  institution,  and  they  are  not  obligatory;  the  in- 
mates choose  their  own  occupations.  Matron,  Mrs.  Margaret  J. 
Brown. 

Home  for  the  Blind,  550  Washington  Avenue,  Brooklyn.  (The 
Church  Charity  Foundation  of  Long  Island.)  This  home  was  begun 
as  ajjrivate  undertaking  in  1895,  at  Maspeth,  L.  I.  However,  failing 
of  support  under  its  first  conditions,  an  appeal  was  made  to  be  re- 
ceived into  the  Church  Charity  Foundation  of  Long  Island.  This  was 
granted,  and  in  October,  1896,  it  became  one  of  the  institutions  of  the 
Foundation,  and  in  May,  1900,  was  removed  to  its  present  location. 

It  is  intended  as  a  home  for  Christian  women  of  the  Episcopal  Dio- 
cese of  Long  Island  who,  owing  to  blindness  and  inability  of  near 
friends  to  care  for  them,  are  unprovided  for.  An  entrance  fee  of 
^250  is  required,  and  it  is  expected  that  friends  able  to  do  so  will 
further  contribute  clothing  for  the  inmates,  and  towards  other  ex- 
penses incurred  in  times  of  sickness  or  death. 

Applicants  having  any  real  or  personal  property  are  required  to 
place  the  same  with  the  Treasurer  of  the  Church  Charity  Foundation, 
receiving  therefrom  during  their  life  either  the  whole  income,  or  a 
portion  agreed  upon,  the  principal  remaining  at  their  death  with  the 
Home  Fund  of  the  Foundation. 

All  members  of  the  Home  are  expected  to  take  such  part  as  their 
strength  and  ability  admit  in  the  lighter  work  of  the  household,  and 
by  habits  of  neatness  and  order  promote  the  general  health  and  com- 
fort of  the  family.     Superintendent,  Deaconess  Agnes  L.  Hodgkiss. 

King's  County  Almshouse,  Brooklyn.  The  New  York  Association 
for  the  Blind  sends,  a  home  teacher  weekly  to  the  Men's  Ward  to 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  75 

furnish  instruction  in  chair-caning  and  basketry.  A  teacher  is  also 
sent  weekly  to  the  women  for  instruction  in  sewing  and  mending. 
Monthly  entertainments  are  arranged  by  the  Association  for  the 
blind  men  and  women  at  which  the  sighted  inmates  are  invited  to 
be  present. 

St.  Joseph's  Blind  Asylum,  Statcn  Island.  This  is  a  combined 
home  and  school  for  blind  girls  and  women,  under  the  care  of  the 
Sisters  of  St.  Francis.  The  Home  is  an  integral  part  of  the  Mt. 
Loretto  Institution  maintained  by  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  The 
buildings  for  blind  girls  and  women  have  accommodations  for  75, 
and  were  the  gift  of  Sister  Anne.  The  Institution  is  maintained 
by  private  contributions.     Sister  Superior,  Sister  M.  Anft. 

N.  Y.  State  and  N.  Y.  City  Aid  for  Blind  Babies  and  Children. 
At  the  discretion  of  the  Commissioner  of  Education,  blind  babies 
and  children  not  residing  in  the  city  of  New  York,  of  the  age  of  12 
and  under,  may  be  sent  to  one  of  the  Homes  for  blind  babies  and 
children  maintained  by  the  International  Sunshine  Society,  to  the 
Catholic  Institute  for  the  Blind  or  to  the  Brooklyn  Home  for  Blind, 
Crippled,  and  Defective  Children,  and  shall  be  paid  for  by  the 
state  at  the  rate  of  $1.00  per  day. 

New  York  City,  in  1908,  approved  a  bill  committing  its  blind 
babies  to  the  Dyker  Heights  Home,  84th  Street  and  13th  Avenue, 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  and  now  pays  for  their  maintenance  and  training 
at  the  rate  of  $1.00  a  day.  Since  1912  the  City  Budget  has  provided 
for  this  payment. 

International  Sunshim  Home  for  Blind  Babies,  Dyker  Heights, 
84th  St.  and  13th  Ave.,  Brooklyn.  Founded,  1904.  Capacity,  31. 
Supported  by  voluntary  contributions ;  also  by  a  per  capita  payment 
of  $1.00  per  day  for  each  child  from  New  York  City. 

A  kindergarten,  under  the  management  of  the  public  school  system, 
is  maintained  in  the  Home,  so  that  children  old  enough  to  benefit 
by  this  form  of  training  have  regular  instruction.  This  provision 
was  made  in  1907. 

A  class  for  the  blind  is  provided  in  Public  School  No.  127,  Brooklyn, 
that  the  children  of  this  Home  physically  too  frail  to  enter  the  New 
York  Institute  for  the  Education  of  the  Blind,  New  York  City,  at  the 
age  of  eight  years,  may  attend  the  public  school  daily  and  yet  remain 
in  the  Blind  Babies'  Home  for  special  medical  care. 

Albany  Association  of  the  Blind,  Inc.,  105  Lancaster  Street,  Albany. 
Established,  1908.  Eight  men  in  the  shop ;  15  women  in  the  classes. 
The  building  occupied  as  headquarters  is  owned  free  of  debt  by  the 
Association.    For  men,  industrial  classes  in  cane-seating,  rug- weaving 


76  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

■ 

and  basketry  are  conducted  daily  throughout  the  year,  the  association 
being  responsible  for  the  instruction  and  the  conduct  of  the  depart- 
ment for  cane-seating,  the  Commission  furnishing  the  machinery  and 
appliances,  maintaining  the  instructor  and  directing  the  departments 
Eor  weaving  and  basketry. 

Industrial  classes  for  women  are  held  on  three  days  of  each  week 
from  September  to  July.  Monthly  social  meetings  for  the  blind  and 
their  seeing  friends  are  held  during  the  year  with  the  exception  of  July 
and  August.  The  Association's  work  is  maintained  entirely  by  vol- 
untary contributions. 

Prank  L.  Frost  (blind)  is  the  President,  and  directs  the  industrial 
and  social  activities.  The  Association  employs  a  seeing  teacher  for  the 
women's  industrial  classes,  and  a  (blind)  man  as  teacher  of  cane 
seating. 

Buffalo  Association  for  ttu  Blind,  489  Ellicott  Street,  Buffalo. 
Founded.  1907.  Valuation  of  plant,  >f;10.000.  It  employs  from  15  to 
20  men  and  women,  and  is  supported  by  voluntary  contributions.  The 
industries  are  broom-making,  chair-caning  and  art-fabric  weaving. 
Applicants  outside  of  Buffalo  are  also  admitted.  The  services  of  a 
home  teacher  are  supplied  by  the  New  York  Commission  for  the  Blind, 
which  also  assists  in  the  sale  of  goods  made  by  the  workers  of  the  Asso- 
ciation. 

It  is  interesting  to  record  that  the  Buffalo  Association  has  been 
given  a  Pierce-Arrow  automobile  arranged  to  carry  10  to  12  people 
to  and  from  their  work.  It  is  also  used  for  delivery  purposes  during 
the  day.    Manager,  J.  E.  Eldridge. 

Cayuga  County  Association  for  the  Bli)td,  Merrifield.  This  is  a  social 
organization  of  the  blind,  which  meets  from  time  to  time,  usually  in 
Auburn.    President.  A.  E.  Bigelow. 

Rochester  Association  of  Workers  for  th<  Blind,  Inc.  Incorporated 
April  1.  1914.  Occupies  rented  office  for  administrative  work.  It  main- 
tained a  home  teacher  until  September,  1915.  when  the  Commission 
took  over  her  support  and  direction.  Holds  monthly  social  meetings 
for  blind  members  and  friends,  distributes  relief  and  secures  employ- 
ment for  blind,  maintains  a  ticket  bureau  and  sells  the  products  of  blind 
labor.  Has  been  active  in  securing  treatment  to  prevent  blindness, 
and  in  securing  admissions  to  the  State  School  for  the  Blind.  Has 
recently  secured  organization  of  Advisory  Board  to  conduct,  jointly 
with  the  Commission,  an  Industrial  Center  for  instruction  in  broom 
making,  chair-caning  and  mattress-making.  President.  W.  Alfred 
Watson    i  blind. 

Syracusi   Association  of  Workers  for  il><  Blind.    Established.  1915 


78  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

Headquarters,  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Meeting  room  furnished  gratuitously. 
Supported  by  voluntary  contributions. 

Tri-County  Association  of  the  Blind,  Inc.  Headquarters  at  Glens 
Falls ;  covers  Saratoga,  Warren  and  Washington  Counties.  Organized 
in  April,  1915.  Incorporated  in  August,  1915,  through  the  activities 
of  the  Commission.  Pays  traveling  expenses  of  Commission's  home 
teacher  for  that  territory.  Works  jointly  with  the  Commission,  taking 
responsibility  for  all  social  activities  and  for  voluntary  assistance  in 
conduct  of  sales.     Treasurer.  Mrs.  R.  W.  Sherman. 

Utica  Committee  for  the  Blind.  Established,  1912.  Meeting  room 
furnished  gratuitously.  Supported  by  voluntary  contributions.  Home 
teacher  furnished  by  the  New  York  Commission  for  the  Blind. 

National  Committee  for  the  Prevention  of  Blindness.  130  East 
22d  Street,  New  York.  Established,  January  1,  1915.  Supported  by 
voluntary  contributions.  See  under  National  work,  at  the  end  of 
this  section. 

The  Matilda  Ziegler  Magazine  for  the  Blind,  250  West  54th  St., 
New  York.   President  and  manager,  Walter  G.  Holmes. 

For  details  about  this  publication,  refer  to  Magazines,  at  the  end  of 
this  section ;  also,  see  p.  270,  Vol.  I  of  this  Encyclopedia. 

Libraries  for  the  Blind,  Albany,  State  Library  for  the  Blind.  Three 
thousand,  nine  hundred  and  seventy-three  volumes;  2,337  titles  (books 
and  music).  Books  may  be  circulated  throughout  New  York  State. 
An  ink  print  catalog  may  be  had  upon  application.  Through  a  spe- 
cial appropriation  made  by  the  state,  the  New  York  State  Library  prints 
a  number  of  new  titles  annually.  These  may  be  purchased  by  other 
organizations  at  a  nominal  price.  Librarian,  Miss  Mary  C.  Chamber- 
lain. 

Auburn,  Seymour  Library.  One  hundred  and  one  volumes.  The 
books  are  circulated  in  Cayuga  and  Onondaga  Counties. 

Batavia,  State  School  for  the  Blind.  Four~thousand,  seven  hundred 
and  fifty-two  volumes;  850  titles.  The  circulation  of  books  is  limited 
to  pupils  and  former  students.  A  printed  catalog  of  the  school's  pub- 
lications is  available. 

Brooklyn,  Public  Library.  Two  thousand,  two  hundred  and  fifty-five 
volumes;  1,300  titles.  The  circulation  of  books  is  practically  confined 
to  the  borough  of  Brooklyn.  A  home  teacher  is  employed  by  the 
library. 

Buffalo,  Public  Library.  Ninety-two  volumes.  The  library  has  city 
support  only  but  has  loaned  books  to  readers  in  the  county.  Printed 
lists  of  the  books  are  sent  without  charge. 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  79 

New  York,  Institute  for  the  Education  of  the  Blind.  Three  thou- 
sand, eight  hundred  volumes;  350  titles,  practically  all  text  books. 
The  books  are  circulated  only  among  the  pupils  of  the  school. 

New  York,  Public  School  Classes  for  the  Blind.  Two  hundred 
volumes ;  2.500  pamphlets ;  170  titles.  The  books  are  sent  to  the  dif- 
ferent classes  for  blind  children  in  the  public  school  system  of  Greater 
New  York. 

New  York,  Public  Library,  Library  for  the  Blind.  Seven  thousand, 
nine  hundred  and  two  volumes  (music  scores  not  included)  ;  2,426 
titles;  5,475  music  scores.  Books  may  be  circulated  throughout  New 
York  state.  New  Jersey  and  Connecticut,  without  restriction,  and  to 
any  part  of  the  United  States  provided  the  applicant  cannot  secure  the 
desired  material  from  a  nearer  source.  Printed  catalogs  of  books  and 
of  music  will  be  sent  upon  request.  The  embossed  catalog  is  published 
in  five  sections,  three  of  books,  two  of  music,  each  section  being 
printed  in  the  type  of  the  books  listed  therein.  This  catalog  will  be 
loaned  to  regularly  enrolled  readers,  or  it  can  be  bought  at  10  cents 
a  section.  The  library  employs  one  home  teacher  who  works  in  Greater 
New  York.     Librarian,  Miss  Lucille  Goldthwaite. 

Rochester,  Public  Library.  Fifty  volumes;  18  titles.  Books  are 
loaned  to  the  Rochester  Association  for  the  Blind  which  has  head- 
quarters at  Reynold 's  Library. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

School  for  tJie  Deaf  and  Blind,  Raleigh.  Founded,  1845.  Capacity, 
350.  Valuation  of  plant,  $250,000  (both  departments).  Annual  state 
appropriation,  $72,500  (both  departments).  The  school  owns  35  acres 
of  land,  7  of  which  are  available  for  athletics.  There  is  a  gymnasium. 
For  requirements  for  admission,  course,  term  and  purposes  of  instruc- 
tion see  Introduction  to  this  section.  Superintendent,  John  E.  Ray, 
A.M. 

The  Narth  Carolina  Association  of  the  Blind,  Greensboro.  Estab- 
lished in  1909.  The  general  objects  of  this  association  are  similar  to 
those  given  under  "associations"  in  the  Introduction  to  this  section. 
At  the  present  time  this  organization  is  endeavoring  to  establish  an 
industrial  home  for  needy  blind  women.  An  act  of  incorporation  for 
such  an  institution  has  been  granted,  and  money  is  being  collected  for 
the  same.    President,  H.  E.  Easley,  Greensboro,  N.  C. 

Library  for  the  Blind,  Raleigh.  School  for  the  Blind.  Three  thou- 
sand, five  hundred  volumes;  2,500  titles.  The  books  are  circulated 
throughout  the  state. 


80  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 


NOKTll    DAKOTA. 


School  for  l  In  Blind,  Bathgate.  Pounded,  L895;  opened,  L908; 
capacity,  36;  valuation  of  plant.  $75,000.  The  school  derives  its  main- 
tenance from  an  income  of  $12,000  per  year  furnished  by  a  grant  of 
land  made  by  Congress  to  the  state  for  its  schools  and  public  institu- 
tions. The  school  owns  about  40  acres  of  land,  (i  of  which  are  avail- 
able Tor  athletics.  The  location  of  the  school  is  such  that  there  is  un- 
limited opportunity  lor  recreation,  and  the  pupils  frequently  go  for 
Long  walks  in  the  surrounding  country.  There  is  a  small  gymnasium. 
For  requirements  for  admission,  course,  term,  and  purpose  of  instruc- 
tion see  the  lntroduci;on  to  this  section.  Superintendent,  l>.  P. 
<  Ihapple. 

Stati  Aid  for  Blind  Infants.  The  State  Board  of  Control  is  au- 
thorized by  a  bill,  passed  in  March.  1913.  to  make  provisions  for  the 
care,  maintenance,  and  instruction  of  indigent  blind  babies  and  chil- 
dren under  school  age  in  an  institution  inside  or  without  the  state. 
and  to  provide  transportation  to  and  from  the  same  until  there  shall 
he  established  by  law  an  institution  within  the  state  for  the  care  of 
blind  children  under  school  age. 

Library.  Bathgate,  School  for  the  Blind.  Seven  hundred  and 
sixty-two  volumes;  300  titles.  Books  may  he  circulated  throughout 
tlie  state. 

OHIO. 

Ohio  Stati  School  for  the  Blind,  Columbus.  Founded.  1837.  Valua- 
tion of  plant,  $800,000.  Annual  state  appropriation,  $100,000.  Capac- 
ity, 240.  There  are  nine  acres  in  the  whole  institution,  six  of  which 
are  used  for  recreational  purposes.     There  are  two  gymnasia. 

Historically,  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  Ohio  School  was  the 
first  1o  he  established  entirely  at  state  expense.  Boston,  New  York. 
and  Philadelphia  preceded  it  by  only  a  few  years,  but  these  three 
owe  their  establishment  to  private  bequests,  which  were  later  supple- 
mented by  state  appropriations.  Superintendent,  Charles  F.  F. 
( larapbell. 

Co-education  of  tin  Blind  cmd  11k  Seeing  in  the  Cincinnati  Public 
Schools.  Classes  for  blind  children  were  started  in  the  public  schools 
of  Cincinnati  in  1905.  There  are  five  centers,  three  known  as  '-con- 
servation of  vision"  classes,  with  an  attendance  of  30  children  having 
partial  sighl  (that  is  more  than  6/60  and  less  than  6/15  vision),  one 
center  for  live  blind  children,  and  one  center  for  blind  mentally  defec- 
tive' children  (4  in  attendance).  This  was  the  first  attempt  in  America 
to  give  blind,  mentally  defective  children  special  attention  in  the  public 


82  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

schools.  In  the  same  building  there  is  also  provision  made  for  seeing 
children  who  are  mentally  defective.  The  department  is  known  as  the 
''Special  School  for  Mentally  Defective  Children."  For  full  par- 
ticulars of  the  public  school  method  for  training  the  blind,  see  the. 
Introduction  to  this  section.    Director,  R.  B.  Irwin. 

Co-education  of  the  Blind  and  the  Seeing,  in  the  Cleveland  Public 
Schools.  Classes  for  blind  children  were  started  in  the  public  schools 
of  Cleveland  in  1909.  There  are  four  centers  for  partially  blind  chil- 
dren, and  attendance  in  these  classes  is  40.  There  are  four  centers  for 
blind  children  (that  is  children  whose  vision  is  less  than  6/60),  and 
the  attendance  is  33.  One  of  the  centers  for  the  blind  children  is 
located  in  the  Cleveland  Training  School  for  Teachers.  This  is  a  fact 
worthy  of  attention,  for  by  this  arrangement  every  teacher  who  passes 
through  this  training  school  has  the  opportunity  of  becoming  familiar, 
to  a  greater  or  lesser  extent,  with  the  possibility  of  teaching  blind  chil- 
dren in  the  public  schools.  This  arrangement  means  that  graduates 
from  the  training  school  in  Cleveland  become  fully  acquainted  with 
this  method  of  educating  the  blind. 

One  of  the  biggest  problems  confronting  those  responsible  for  the 
training  of  blind  children  in  the  public  schools  is  to  provide  the  pupils 
with  trade  and  industrial  training  equivalent  to  that  given  in  residen- 
tial schools.  In  1916  Cleveland  began  to  provide  its  blind  youths,  who 
are  capable  of  benefiting  by  the  same,  instruction  in  pianoforte  tuning. 
The  man  who  gives  instruction  in  tuning  has  charge  also  of  the  700 
pianos  owned  by  the  Board  of  Education  so  that  it  is  possible  for  him  to 
give  his  pupils  the  opportunity  of  practising  upon  nearly  every  make 
of  piano  in  every  degree  of  repair.  This  is  a  unique  event  in  the  edu- 
cation of  the  blind  in  America,  and  will  go  a  long  way  toward  placing 
the  public  school  method  of  training  on  an  equality  with  that  of  the 
best  residential  schools.    Director,  R.  B.  Irwin. 

Co-education  of  the  Blind  and  the  Seeing,  in  the  Toledo  Public 
Schools.  Work  of  this  kind  was  started  at  Toledo  in  February,  1915. 
There  are  two  centers  with  18  pupils,  one  class  providing  for  children 
with  partial  vision  and  the  other  for  blind  children. 

In  January,  1915,  the  Board  of  Education  of  Cincinnati,  and  of 
Toledo,  requested  Robert  B.  Irwin,  the  supervisor  of  the  education 
of  the  blind  in  Cleveland,  to  conduct  this  form  of  education  in  Cincin- 
nati and  Toledo.  This  cooperation  among  the  three  cities  has  been  of 
great  value,  as  it  has  resulted  in  a  practical  co-ordination  and  unifica- 
tion of  the  work,  and  there  can  be  little  question  that  this  "so-called 
public  school  experiment"  is  being  carried  on  most  progressively  in 
Ohio.     In  1916  a  visitor  was  employed  to  coordinate  the  training  of 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  83 

the  blind  children  in  their  homes  with  that  received  in  the  school. 
Director,  R.  B.  Irwin,  Board  of  Education,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

State  Aid  for  College  Students.  In  May,  1913,  a  law  became  effec- 
tive in  Ohio  whereby  blind  pupils  studying  in  any  college,  university, 
or  technical  or  professional  school  authorized  by  law  to  grant  degrees, 
may  receive  assistance  for  defraying  of  the  expense  of  readers  (subject 
to  the  approval  of  the  State  Board  of  Administration),  upon  the  rec- 
ommendation of  the  state  school  for  the  blind.  It  is  regrettable  to  have 
to  record  that  the  Ohio  law,  unlike  the  New  York  law,  does  not  specify 
any  fixed  amount  to  be  allowed  each  student. 

Ohio  State  Commission  for  the  Blind.  Founded,  1908.  Headquar- 
ters, Columbus.  The  purpose  of  the  Commission  is  similar  to  that 
indicated  in  the  Introductory  matter  of  this  section,  under  the  head- 
ing "Commissions  for  the  Blind."  The  Ohio  Commission  was  the 
first  to  employ  a  staff  of  nurses  to  seek  and  assist  those  with  defective 
vision.  The  Commission  cooperates  with  a  large  corps  of  ophthalmolo- 
gists who  give  gratuitous  advice  to  those  who  are  unable  to  secure 
competent  medical  assistance.  The  Commission  also  succeeded,  in 
1915,  in  having  a  law  passed  which  not  only  requires  the  prompt  re- 
porting of  ophthalmia  neonatorum  (see  Blindness,  Prevention  of), 
to  the  State  Board  of  Health,  but  also  makes  it  obligatory  for  that 
Board  to  send  a  trained  nurse  to  a  family  in  which  a  case  of  ophthalmia 
neonatorum  is  found,  where  parents  are  unable  to  provide  proper  care. 
As  only  $5,000  was  granted  for  this  home  nursing  service — for  new- 
born infants  with  "sore  eyes" — the  nurses  of  the  Commission  for  the 
Blind  besides  giving  their  time  to  other  cases  of  defective  vision,  co- 
operate for  the  first  two  years  with  the  Board  of  Health  in  looking 
after  a  case  of  ophthalmia  neonatorum  that  cannot  be  reached  by  the 
Board  of  Health  nurse. 

The  Commission  employs  nine  blind  home  teachers  who  give  instruc- 
tion in  sewing,  knitting  and  crocheting,  as  well  as  instruction  in  read- 
ing and  other  occupations  that  help  to  make  life  more  cheerful.  Fur- 
thermore, the  Commission  provides  raw  material  to  blind  women 
who,  in  their  homes,  are  able  to  do  acceptable  work.  A  market  for  the 
articles  made  by  these  women  is  found  by  cooperation  with  public- 
spirited  merchants  who  give,  without  charge,  space  in  their  stores  for 
the  sale  of  this  work.  The  goods  are  also  sold  in  private  homes  by 
traveling  saleswomen  and  at  women's  clubs. 

The  Commission  operates  a  trade-training  department  in  which  in- 
struction is  given  in  broom-and  basket-making,  and  when  a  man  is 
able  to  conduct  either  industry  in  his  own  home  he  is  helped  in  the 


84  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

purchase  of  tools  and  raw  material,  and  is  assisted  to  find  a  market  for 
his  work.     Executive  Secretary,  .Miss  Prances  Reed. 

Pensions  for  the  Blind.  Ohio  appears  to  be  the  first  state  that  at- 
tempted to  put  into  operation  a  state-wide  distribution  of  monetary 
relief  for  the  blind.  The  first  law  was  a  modification  of  the  poor  laws 
of  1898.  In  1904  a  Pension  Law  for  the  Blind  was  passed,  to-be  admin- 
istered by  the  probate  court,  with  a  per  capita  allowance  of  $100. 
This  enactmenl  was.  however,  declared  unconstitutional  by  the  Su- 
preme Court,  upon  the  ground  of  "class  Legislation."  In  1908,  the 
Carrol  bill  "For  the  Relief  of  the  Needy  Blind"  was  passed  (Sec.  G.  C. 
2962-70).  The  bill  provided  for  a  commission  in  each  county  which 
mighl  grant  such  sums  as  it  deemed  necessary,  up  to  $150  a  year 
payable  quarterly).  The  conditions  of  payment  are:  1.  Blind- 
ness (degree  not  defined)  ;  2.  Residence  in  the  county  for  one  year;  3. 
Must  have  become  blind  while  a  resident  of  the  state,  or  have  been  a 
resident  at  the  passage  of  the  act;  4.  Must  be  needy  and  one  wdio, 
unless  granted  this  relief  would  become  a  charge  on  the  public,  or 
on  those  wiio  by  law.  are  not  required  to  support  him  or  her.  This 
was  declared  constitutional  by  the  Supreme  Court  September  30,  1913 
89  < ).  S.  351  )  on  the  ground  of  the  need  of  a  class  for  the  poor.  The 
earlier  statute  gave  relief  to  blind  persons  regardless  of  whether  they 
possessed  means  or  not.  This  law  provides  for  relief  only  when  they 
would  otherwise  become  public  charges. 

In  1913  tlie  Carrol  bill  was  amended,  abolishing  the  County  Blind 
Relief  Commissions  and  transferring  their  powers  to  the  County  Com- 
missioners, in  whose  hands  the  distribution  of  the  relief  now-  rests. 

The  Ohio  Law  was  evidently  drawn  hastily  and  has  not  given  entire 
satisfaction  either  to  the  blind  or  to  their  friends,  and  it  is  hoped  that 
other  states  wishing  to  pass  such  laws  will  study  the  matter  carefully 
before  action  is  taken.  To  mention  only  one  of  the  difficulties,  we  refer 
to  the  fact  that  no  attempt  is  made  to  define  the  term  "blind,"  which 
leads  to  considerable  confusion.  According  to  the  latest  reports,  nearly 
4,000  blind  people  are  securing  financial  assistance  under  this  law; 
representing  a  total  expenditure  of  county  funds  of  approximately 
$400,000  per  annum. 

The  Cincinnati  Library  Society  for  1h<  Blind.  Through  the  efforts 
of  Missvs  Ceorgia  D.  and  Florence  B.  Trader,  the  Cincinnati  Library 
Society  for  the  Blind  was  organized  in  1901.  Weekly  readings  are 
held  by  volunteers,  who  read  books  and  magazines  not  published  in 
types  for  the  blind,  a  special  entertainment  is  given  once  a  month,  and 
classes  in  reading  and  writing  embossed  type  and  in  needle-work  are 
held  each  week.    The  blind  are  also  visited  in  their  homes,  and  helped 


86  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

in  many  ways;  they  are  given  medical  aid,  clothing,  tickets  to  enter- 
tainments, etc.  The  Ohio  Traction  Co.  furnish  the  Society  a  liberal 
supply  of  tickets  so  it  is  possible  for  the  blind  to  enjoy  the  privileges 
of  the  Library. 

Through  the  efforts  of  the  Society,  a  department  for  the  blind  was 
opened  in  the  public  schools  in  September,  1905. 

The  Society  owns  about  2,200  volumes,  and  circulates  them  through- 
out the  United  States  and  Canada.  During  the  year  1914,  6,182 
volumes  were  distributed  in  this  way.  Directors,  Misses  Georgia  D. 
and  Florence  B.  Trader. 

Clovcrnook  Home  for  the  Blind,  Mt.  Healthy.  After  working  among 
the  blind  for  two  years,  the  Misses  Georgia  D.  and  Florence  B.  Trader 
realized  the  need  of  a  home  for  blind  women.  March  11th,  1903,  the 
late  Wm.  A.  Procter  gave  the  home  of  the  poets,  Alice  and  Phoebe 
Cary,  for  this  purpose.  It  is  a  brick  house  of  seven  rooms  on  a  farm 
of  26  acres,  located  at  Mt.  Healthy,  eight  miles  from  Cincinnati.  In 
October  of  the  same  year,  Mr.  Procter  built  a  three  room  cottage  for 
the  gardener  and  the  only  blind  male  inmate — a  broom-maker — who 
used  a  part  of  the  barn  for  his  shop.  In  Ma}7,  1907,  the  weaving 
industry  was  started.  It  also  had  its  beginning  in  the  barn,  where 
the  women  worked,  until  October,  when  they  moved  into  a  beautiful 
shop,  the  gift  of  Mrs.  Thomas  J.  Emery  and  Prof.  Philip  Van  Ness 
Myers. 

That  Clovernook  might  meet  the  neods  of  a  greater  number,  a  large 
cottage  was  erected  and  dedicated  May  31st,  1913.  With  this  build- 
ing, and  the  small  home,  twenty-two  blind  women  are  given  roomy  and 
comfortable  accommodations. 

During  the  summer  of  1913,  Prof.  Philip  Van  Xess  Myers  fitted  up  a 
small  building  where  a  trial  might  be  made  of  printing  books  in  em- 
bossed type. 

The  women  aH  help  with  the  house-work.  Those  who  are  not  able 
to  work  in  the  weaving  or  printing  shops,  make  fancy  articles.  They 
are  given  one  third  the  sale  price  of  their  fancy  work,  and  are  also 
paid  for  their  work  in  the  shops. 

Weekly  readings  and  monthly  entertainments  are  given,  they  are 
furnished  with  theatre  and  symphony  tickets,  and  are  taken  to  other 
places  of  amusement. 

The  home  is  open  all  the  year.  It  is  supported  entirely  by  volun- 
tary contributions  and  the  sale  of  products  made  by  the  women.  The 
home  was  primarily  intended  for  homeless  blind  women  of  Ohio,  but 
applicants  from  other  states  are  favorably  considered  if  there  are 
vacancies.    An  entrance  fee  of  $300.00  is  expected  from  all  applicants 


88  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

who  are  able  to  pay.  Trustees,  Misses  Georgia  1).  and  Florence  B. 
Trader.. 

Tin  Cincinnati  Association  for  th  Welfare  of  tin  Blind.  Work- 
shop, 1506-1508  Bremen  Street.  Established,  1911.  Capacity.  30. 
The  Association  occupies  rented  quarters,  and  the  principal  industries 
are  broom  and  basket-making.  Some  mops  are  also  made  This  shop 
was  established  as  a  result  of  the  efforts  of  the  Cincinnati  Association 
for  the  Welfare  of  the  Blind.     Director.  Charles  p.   Kuhn. 

Cleveland  Society  for  tfu  Blind,  612  St.  Clair  Avenue.  Found-. 1. 
1906.  This  society  endeavors  to  assist  the  blind  along  the  general  lines 
indicated  in  the  Introduction  to  this  section,  under  '"typical  commis- 
sions and  associations  for  the  blind."  It  is  supported  entirely  by  vol- 
untary contributions.  The  Society  operates  a  broom  shop,  which 
gives  employment  to  25  blind  men.  There  is  also  a  small  amount  of 
weaving  carried  on  by  blind  women.  The  Society  cooperates  effectively 
with  the  State  Commission  for  the  Blind  in  an  effort  to  create  as  large 
a  market  as  possible  for  the  sale  of  the  work  of  the  blind.  Through 
active  sub-committees  it  does  many  helpful  things  for  the  blind  chil- 
dren who  are  receiving  instruction  in  the  public  schools;  it  has  also 
organized  clubs  for  the  adult  blind     Secretary.  Mrs.  Eva  B.  Palmer. 

Howe  Publishing  Society  for  the  Blind.  Founded  in  1911.  The 
purpose  of  this  organization  is  to  provide  the  blind  with  current  litera- 
ture. Most  of  the  work  is  done  by  totally  blind  workers.  The  books 
produced  by  this  Society  are  sold  to  libraries,  institutions  for  the 
blind  and  individuals-  throughout  the  entire  country.  President  and 
director  of  the  work,  R.  B.  Irwin,  University  Club.  Cleveland.  Ohio. 

Dayton  Association  for  tlu  Blind.  Founded.  1907.  Its  purpose  is 
similar  to  that  of  associations  for  the  blind  described  in  the  Introduc- 
tion to  this  section.  For  a  time,  this  organization  operated  a  shop  in 
which  broom-making  was  carried  on.  and  it  is  a  particularly  note- 
worthy fact  that  as  a  result  of  its  efforts,  quite  a  number  of  positions 
have  been  secured  for  Hie  blind  in  factories  where  the  seeing  are  regu- 
larly employed.  The  most  notable  example  of  this  phase  of  the 
'work  is  the  employment  of  three  blind  girls  in  the  factory  of  the 
National  Cash  Register  Company,  who  have  been  on  the  pay  roll  of. 
that  concern  for  the  past  seven  years.  Positions  for  men  in  several 
other  concerns  have  also  been  found. 

The  Association  took  an  active  part,  in  conjunction  with  the  Cleve- 
land Society  for  the  Blind,  in  bringing  about  the  establishment  of 
the  Ohio  State  Commission  for  the  Blind.  As  soon  as  the  work  of 
the  Commission  was  well  organized  the  Association  became  less  active, 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  89 

but  has  cooperated  very  closely  with  the  Commission  in  work  for  the 
blind  in  Dayton.    President,  Mrs.  Eugene  F.  Barney. 

Libraries  for  the  Blind,  Cincinnati.  Library  for  the  Blind,  2,200 
volumes.  Books  are  circulated  throughout  the  United  States  and 
Canada.     A  New  York  Point  catalog  is  available  at  ten  cents  a  copy. 

Cleveland,  Public  Library.  Six  hundred  eighty-nine  volumes;  436 
titles.    Books  may  be  circulated  throughout  the  United  States. 

Columbus,  State  School  for  the  Blind.  Has  on  hand  all  the  books 
published  by  the  American  Printing  House  in  New  York  Point.  Books 
may  be  circulated  throughout  the  state. 

OKLAHOMA. 

Srhool  for  the  Blind.  Muskogee.  Founded,  1908.  Capacity,  120. 
Valuation  of  plant,  $150,000.  Annual  state  appropriation,  $40,000. 
The  school  owns  25  acres  of  land,  2  of  which  are  used  for  athletics. 
For  requirements  for  admission,  course,  term,  and  purpose  of  instruc- 
tion, see  the  Introduction  to  this  section.  Superintendent,  O.  W. 
Stewart. 

Library  for  the  Blind,  Muskogee,  School  for  the  Blind.  Two  thou- 
sand volumes.    Books  may  be  circulated  throughout  the  state. 

OREGON. 

School  for  the  Blind,  Salem.  Founded,  1874.  Capacity,  50.  Valua- 
tion of  plant,  $30,000.  Annual  state  appropriation,  $12,000.  The 
school  owns  ten  acres  of  land,  one  of  which  is  available  for  athletics. 
There  is  a  gymnasium.  For  requirements  for  admission,  course,  term, 
and  purpose  of  instruction,  see  the  Introduction  to  this  section.  Su- 
perintendent, E.  T.  Moores. 

■  Workshop  for  the  Adult  Blind,  Portland,  11th  and  Davis  streets.  Es- 
tablished, 1913.  Capacity,  20.  Instruction  is  given  in  hammock-mak- 
ing, piano-tuning,  and  chair-caning.  At  the  present  time,  the  Shop  is 
maintained  by  the  Educational  Department,  City  of  Portland,  in  con- 
nection with  its  trade  school  for  the  seeing.  The  work  is  in  charge  of 
J.  F.  Meyers,  who  is  himself  blind. 

Libraries  for  the  Blind,  Portland,  Library  Association.  One  hun- 
dred and  fifty-four  volumes ;  73  titles.  Books  may  be  circulated 
throughout  the  state. 

Salem,  School  for  the  Blind.  Six  hundred  volumes;  240  titles. 
Books  may  be  circulated  throughout  the  state. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Institution  for  the  Instruction  of  the  Blind,  OverbrooJc,  Philadelphia. 
The  education  of  blind  children  in  Philadelphia  was  begun  in  1832 


90  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

when  Julius  Friedlander  taught  at  his  own  residence  and  at  his  own 
expense  Sarah  and  Abraham  Marsh,  two  Philadelphia  children.  Hav- 
ing thus  demonstrated  the  possibilities  in  educating  the  blind,  a  meet- 
ing of  the  citizens  of  Philadelphia  wyas  held,  a  committee  was 
appointed,  a  constitution  was  soon  adopted,  and  a  Board  of  Managers 
appointed,  which  held  its  first  meeting  March  5th,  1833.  At  this  meet- 
ing, Mr.  Friedlander  was  appointed  "Principal  Instructor,"  and  on 
the  25th  of  March,  1833,  the  Pennsylvania  Institution  for  the  Instruc- 
tion of  the  Blind  was  opened  on  Twelfth  Street,  above  Race,  with  four 
Philadelphia  pupils.  It  is  significant  that  in  that  early  day,  the  man- 
agers should  anticipate  so  accurately  the  character  of  the  work  to 
be  done  in  the  Institution  as  to  designate  it  as  an  "Institution  for  the 
Instruction  of  the  Blind."  "The  system  of  instruction  adopted  was 
that  which  the  celebrated  and  benevolent  Valentin  Haiiy  so  success- 
fully carried  into  effect  in  several  establishments  of  a  similar  character 
in  Europe." 

On  Jan.  27th,  1834,  the  Legislature  granted  the  necessary  articles 
of  incorporation. 

In  April,  1834,  the  Institution  was  removed  to  two  large  buildings 
on  13th  street,  above  Race. 

The  cornerstone  of  the  building  at  20th  and  Race  Streets,  which 
housed  the  school  for  63  years,  was  laid  September  10th,  1835,  Andrew 
Jackson  then  being  President.  This  building  was  opened  on  Oct..  27th, 
1836,  with  an  exhibition  and  concert  by  the  pupils. 

In  January,  1899,  the  school  was  moved  to  its  present  site  at  Over- 
brook,  within  the  limits  of  the  City  of  Philadelphia.  Subsequent  pur- 
chases have  increased  the  original  27  acres  to  about  30  acres.  The  site 
has  been  acquired  at  an  approximate  cost  of  $200,000;  the  buildings 
and  furnishings  have  cost  about  $300,000;  the  present  (1915)  valua- 
tion of  plant  and  equipment  is  $679,868.93.  The  buildings  are  in  the 
Spanish  Mission  style  of  architecture  so  common  in  Southern  Cali- 
fornia. This  construction  provides  buildings  unusually  free  from 
danger  from  fire,  while  they  admit  a  maximum  of  light  and  air.  A 
tuition  fee  of  $350  is  charged  those  who  are  able  to  pay  it,  although  in 
practice  but  little  is  realized  from  this  source.  The  school  is  supported 
from  the  income  of  endowment  funds  and  by  a  per  capita  appropria- 
tion of  $300  for  pupils  from  the  state  of  Pennsylvania.  Pupils  from 
Delaware  and  southern  New  Jersey  are  also  educated  here  at  the 
expense  of  their  respective  states. 

We  have  given  this  full  account  of  the  beginnings  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Institution  because  the  Philadelphia,  New  York  and  Boston 
schools  were  the  first  three  to  be  established  in  America.    Furthermore, 


Photos  from  the  Home  for  the  Blind.  St.  Louis.  Mo. 

"Homes"  for  the  homeless  are  as  much  a  necessity  for  the  sightless  as  for 
the  seeing.  In  states  where  "pensions"  are  given  to  the  "needy  blind"  accom- 
modation can  often  be  found  with  some  private  family  in  the  community.  A  small 
well-regulated  home  is  one  of  the  best  methods  of  caring  for  the  homeless,  the  aged, 
or  the  infirm  blind. 


92  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

the  Pennsylvania  Institution  was  the  first  to  give  up  its  congested  city 
quarters  and  move  out  to  the  suburbs.  Since  the  removal  of  the  Phila- 
delphia [nstitutiou  in  1899,  the  schools  in  Baltimore  and  Boston  have 
also  given  up  their  eity  buildings  and  haw  re-built  in  the  suburbs. 

The  New  York  City  I  list  il  ul  ion  is  likewise  preparing  to  make  a  similar 
change. 

The  ( )\  erhrook  school  is  able  to  house  nearly  200  students.  Although 
located  within  the  limits  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  the  school  pos- 
hes ample  grounds  for  recreation  purposes,  approximately  eleven 
acres  being  given  over  to  athletics,  and  fully  two  to  gardens  for  the  use 
of  the  school  children.  Historically,  it  is  important  to  note  that  in 
addition  to  a  well-equipped  gymnasium,  this- school  was  the  first  in  the 
United  States  to  install  a  fine  swimming  pool  and  bowling  alley,  which 
were  opened  in  1899.  The  requirements  for  admission,  course,  term, 
and  purpose  of  instruction  are  outlined  in  the  Introduction  to  this 
section.  In  addition  to  furnishing  everything  required  by  a  typical 
school  for  the  blind,  this  school  lays  considerable  emphasis  upon  the 
training  of  pupils  who  are  qualified  to  become  teachers,  and  it  is  inter- 
esting to  note  that  graduates  from  this  institution  are  serving  as  teach- 
ers in  quite  a  number  of  other  American  institutions  for  the  blind. 

Another  interesting  effort  of  the  school  is  the  maintenance  of  what 
has  been  called  a  ' '  field  officer. ' '  Liborio  Delfino,  who  is  himself  blind, 
was  the  pioneer  in  this  form  of  activity  in  America.  He  has  visited 
many  former  pupils  of  the  institution  in  their  own  homes  and  has 
called  upon  almost  every  blind  man  and  woman  in  the  state.  He  is 
constantly  visiting  prospective  pupils  and  helping  graduates  who  need 
friendly  advice  and  encouragement  in  establishing  themselves. 
Superintendent.  Olin  H.  Burritt. 

Salesroom  and  Exchange  for  the  Blind,  204  So.  13th  St.,  Philadel- 
phia. Opened,  1910.  We  mention  this  interesting  establishment  imme- 
diately after  the  School  for  the  Blind,  for  it  is  supported  and  carried 
on  by  the  Pennsylvania  Institution  for  the  Instruction  of  the  Blind; 
It  is  at  Ihis  place  that  Mr.  Liborio  Delfino,  who  is  in  charge,  has  his 
headquarters.  In  the  salesroom  are  sold  many  articles  made  by  the 
blind:  here  also  orders  for  Inning,  chair-caning,  etc..  are  taken.  In 
this  same  building  are  housed  the  books  of  the  Department  for  the 
Blind  of  the  Free  Library  of  Philadelphia,  and  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Home  Teaching  Society,  which  will  be  mentioned  later. 

Western  Pennsylvania  Institution  for  the  Blind,  Pittsburgh. 
Founded.  1888.  Opened  in  1890.  Capacity,  130  pupils.  Valuation 
of  plant,  $600,000.  Annual  state  appropriation  $360  per  capita ;  there 
is  also  an  income  from  endowments.    The  school  owns  five  and  one-half 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  93 

aires  of  land,  two  of  which  are  available  for  recreational  purposes. 
There  is  a  gymnasium  and  swimming-  pool;  also  a  special  kinder- 
garten building.  This  school  is  unique  in  respect  of  location  in  the 
midst  of  what  might  be  termed  the  intellectual  center  of  Pittsburgh, 
the  pupils  being  within  walking  distance  of  the  University  of  Pitts- 
burgh, the  Carnegie  Institute  of  Technology,  the  Carnegie  Library  and 
Museum,  Soldiers  Memorial  Hall,  and  the  largest  and  newest  high 
school  of  the  city.  For  requirements  for  admission,  course,  term,  and 
purpose  of  instruction,  see  the  Introduction  to  this  section.  Superin- 
tendent, Thomas  8.  McAloney. 

State  Aid  for  Blind  Infants.  The  State  Board  of  Education  is 
authorized,  in  virtue  of  a  bill  passed,  May,  1913,  to  make  provision 
for  the  education  of  blind  children  under  eight  years  of  age  residing 
in  Pennsylvania  when  the  parents  are  unable  to  educate  them  prop- 
erly. The  board  may  contract  to  this  end  with  any  nonsectarian  insti- 
tution in  Pennsylvania  or  elsewhere,  established  for  the  education  of 
the  blind,  at  a  cost  not  to  exceed  $1.00  a  day,  the  money  to  be  paid  out 
of  tli«>  state  school  fund.  The  Act  of  1913  was  so  amended  by  the 
Legislature  of  1915  as  to  permit  the  state  Board  of  Education  to 
waive  the  aire  limit  of  eight  years  in  such  rases  as  seem  to  warrant  it 
by  reason  of  physical  or  mental  defects. 

The  Pennsylvania  Working  Horn*  for  Blind  Men,  3518  Lancaster 
Aw.  W.Philadelphia.  Pounded,  1874.  Capacity,  200.  At  the  pres- 
ent time,  there  are  117  beneficiaries,  about  half  of  whom  live  in  the 
institution.  Valuation  of  plant,  $202,000.  Annual  slate  appropria- 
tion, $17,500,  and  from  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  $5,000.  Applicants 
must  be  at  least  21  years  of  age.  in  good  physical  condition,  and  resi- 
dents of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania  for  at  least  one  year.  The  Home 
prefers  not  to  admit  men  over  45  years  of  age.  The  principal  indus- 
try is  broom-making,  although  a  small  amount  of  ray  carpel  is  made, 
and  a  limited  number  of  chairs  are  caned  annually.  About  one-third 
of  the  men  live  or  hoard  outside  of  the  institution. 

As  its  name  implies,  the  institution  maintains  a  hoarding  home  for 
men  who  wish  to  live  in  the  institution  and  receive  board  at  a  nominal 
tic  All  inmates  who  have  worked  industriously  at  this  institution 
but  who  are  no  longer  able  to  labor  are  provided  with  a  permanent 
home  in  the  boarding  department  or  "Retreat"  until  their  death. 
However,  no  part  of  the  appropriation  by  the  State  or  City  is  used 
for  the  care  of  these  individuals;  these  expenses  being  met  by  an  in- 
come from  an  endowment  and  by  private  subscriptions. 

We  call  the  readers'  attention  to  this  institution  as  the  one  to  which 
we  referred  in  the  Introduction  to  this  section,  since  it  was  the  first 


94  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

extensive  effort  to  establish  a  workshop  for  adult  blind  men  entirely 
independent  of  any  of  the  older  institutions  for  the  training  of  blind 
youth.  It  came  into  being  as  a  result  of  industrial  experiments  made 
by  the  Philadelphia  school,  and  after  long  and  persistent  agitation  b}' 
Mr.  Chapin  and  the  management  of  the  school.  Hinmon  II.  Hall,  a 
man  who  lost  his  sight  in  adult  life,  was  the  superintendent  of  the 
institution  from  its  inception  in  1874  until  his  death  in  1890.  He  had 
much  to  do  with  the  early  experiments  and  the  success  of  the  institu- 
tion.   Superintendent,  Frederick  H.  Mills. 

Pennsylvania  Industrial  Home  for  Blind  Women,  3827  Powelton 
Ave.,  W.  Philadelphia,  Founded,  1869.  Capacity,  70.  Valuation 
of  plant,  $89,000.  As  we  have  before  intimated,  it  is  not  easy  to  draw 
a  line  between  some  so-called  "homes"  and  "workshops."  This  in- 
stitution is  unquestionably  more  a  Home  than  a  Shop,  which  we  have 
previously  pointed  out  more  closely  approximated  a  factory.  In  it 
every  inmate  able  to  work  is  busily  employed  four  and  one-half  hours 
a  day,  some  with  various  forms  of  fancy  work,  others  with  the  re-seat- 
ing of  chairs  or  the  weaving  of  rag  carpet  and  rugs.  As  in  the  case 
of  the  Working  Home  for  Blind  Men,  those  who  have  become  aged 
and  infirm  while  in  the  institution  are  provided  for.  The  Industrial 
Home  receives  no  state  aid;  it  is  supported  entirely  by  interest  from 
endowment  and  by  private  subscriptions. 

The  Home  receives  adults  only  and  without  regard  to  their  religious 
denominations.  It  prefers  not  to  admit  women  over  50  years  of  age. 
Superintendent,  Miss  Ada  V.  Harry. 

The  Pennsylvania  Home  Teaching  Society  and  Free  Circulating 
Library  for  the  Blind.  Headquarters,  Witherspoon  Bldg.,  Philadel- 
phia. Founded,  1882,  by  the  late  William  Moon,  the  blind  inventor  of 
the  Moon  embossed  type,  and  his  daughter,  Adelaide  E.  C.  Moon. 
The  Society  was  reorganized  in  1898 ;  incorporated  in  1901 ;  received 
state  aid  in  1905.  It  now  receives  $4,000  a  year  from  the  Legislature. 
The  organization  also  enjoys  an  income  from  an  endowment  fund  and 
from  annual  donations.  The  3,764  volumes  which  the  Society  owns 
are  valued  at  $3,500.  With  the  exception  of  710  volumes,  which  are 
in  the  Carnegie  Library  at  Pittsburgh,  all  the  books  are  deposited  with 
and  circulated  by  the  Free  Library  of  Philadelphia.  Until  November, 
1915,  four  home  teachers  only  were  employed  in  the  work  of  the  Society, 
two  of  these  confining  their  attention  to  Philadelphia,  one  to  Pittsburgh, 
and  the  third  working  in  other  parts  of  the  state.  Six  additional  teach- 
ers have  since  been  engaged.  Seven  of  these  are  totally  and  three  partly 
blind.  The  books  owned  by  the  Free  Library  of  Philadelphia  are  cir- 
culated only  in  the  city,  those  in  the  Home  Teaching  Society  are 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  95 

utilized  throughout  the  country.  The  Pennsylvania  Society  was  the 
first  home  teaching  society  to  be  established  in  America,  and  the  son 
of  the  founder,  Dr.  Robert  C.  Moon,  served  as  the  secretary  of  the 
organization  until  his  death  in  February,  1914.  For  further  par- 
ticulars of  the  Moon  alphabet,  see  page  259,  Vol.  I  of  this  Encyclopedia. 
Secretary,  Mrs.  Isabel  W.  Kennedy. 

Blind  Relief  Fund  of  Philadelphia,  617  Witherspoon  Bldg.  Founded 
1908.  There  are  no  overhead  expenses,  no  state  or  city  aid,  but  the 
fund  is  secured  from  voluntary  contributions.  The  purpose  of  the 
organization  is  to  give  an  annual  outing  to  the  blind,  and  occasionally 
financial  assistance  to  the  needy  blind.  Up  to  the  present  time,  how- 
ever, only  a  small  fund  has  been  realized. 

CJiapin  Memorial  Hone  for  the  Aged  Blind,  6713  Woodland  Ave., 
Philadelphia.  Founded  1906.  Capacity,  30.  Valuation  of  plant, 
$35,000.  Endowment  fund,  $65,000.  Supported  entirely  by  dona- 
tions and  income  from  endowment.  Applicants  may  be  of  either  sex, 
from  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey  or  Delaware,  and  elsewhere  if  there 
are  vacancies.  An  admission  fee  of  $300  must  be  paid  by  those  over 
75  years  of  age,  and  $500  by  those  between  65  and  75;  in  every  case 
burial  must  be  provided  for.  This  Home  was  founded  by  12  former 
pupils  of  the  Pennsylvania  Institution  for  the  Blind,  because  aged 
blind  persons  were  excluded  from  all  nonsectarian  homes  for  the 
aged,  as  well  as  from  nearly  all  sectarian  homes.  Matron,  Mrs.  Agnes 
B.  Reibold. 

Pennsylvania  Association  for  the  Blind,  Liberty  and  Second  Ave- 
nues, Pittsburgh.  Founded,  1910.  This  organization  does  not  own  the 
building  in  which  it  maintains  its  headquarters.  Annual  state  appro- 
priation, $2,500.  The  City  of  Pittsburgh  gives  $15,000  towards  the 
maintenance  of  the  workshop.  Membership  dues  and  donations  are 
also  received.  This  organization  aims  to  carry  on  the  activities  out- 
lined in  the  "typical  Association  for  the  Blind"  referred  to  in  the 
Introduction  to  this  section.  Instruction  is  given  at  the  homes  of 
blind  women  in  sewing,  knitting,  and  crocheting,  and  material  is  pro- 
vided for  the  making  of  articles  which  the  organization  undertakes  to 
sell.  The  merchants  in  Pittsburgh  have  contributed  space  for  the  sale 
of  this  work  from  time  to  time,  although  no  permanent  counter  is  used, 
as  in  New  York  City  and  Ohio.  In  addition  to  this,  club  women  give 
substantial  aid  in  the  sales,  and  each  year  at  the  Pittsburgh  Industrial 
Exposition,  which  is  held  for  six  weeks  in  the  autumn,  the  Associa- 
tion finds  a  good  market  for  the  home  work.  Executive  Secretary, 
W.  W.  Stamm. 

Pittsburgh  Workshop  for  the  Blind,  Liberty  and  Second  Avenues, 


96  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

Pittsburgh.  Founded,  L910.  Receives  $15,000  from  the  city  of  Pitta- 
burgh,  and  some  contributions  from  private  sources.  The  principal 
industries  are  broom-making  and  chair-caning,  and  rug-weaving.  This 
shop  is  conducted  under  the  supervision  of  the  Pennsylvania  Associa- 
tion for  the  Blind,  which  lias  its  headquarters  in  Pittsburgh,  and  gives 
employment  to  40  men.     Superintendent.  Win.  II.  Long.     • 

Blind  Women's  Progressivt  club.  Organized,  1912.  Incorporated, 
1!*14.  Interested  in  establishing  a  home  for  indigent  and  aged  blind 
women.  Funds  secured  from  membership  fees  and  contributions.  The 
active  members  are  blind  and  there  are  one-half  as  many  associate 
members  having  sight.  This  organization  is  affiliated  with  the  Con- 
gress tit'  Women's  Clubs.     President.  .Miss  Elizabeth  Johnson. 

The  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Church  Work  Among  the  Blind. 
Organized  in  Philadelphia  in  1903.  Has  defrayed  the  expenses  of 
embossing  parts  of  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer.  Words  and  Music  of 
the  Hymnal  in  Braille,  Holy  Communion  in  Moon.  Cooperates  with 
churches,  missionary  societies,  etc.  Employs  a  blind  visitor.  Also 
furnishes  guides  for  those  unable  otherwise  to  attend  church.  Treas- 
urer,  Rev.   W.  Arthur  Warner,  533  Arch  Street,   Philadelphia. 

Libraries  for  the  Blind,  The  Fret  Library  of  Philadelphia.  The  Free 
Library  of  Philadelphia  and  the  Pennsylvania  Institution  for  the  In- 
struction of  the  Blind  jointly  rent  the  building  at  204  South  13th 
Street,  which  is  used  for  library  purposes  and  provides  a  place  for 
the  Salesroom  and  Exchange,  a  striking  example  of  practical  co- 
operation. Five  thousand,  five  hundred  and  sixty-nine  volumes; 
1,0(32  titles.  Books  purchased  for  the  Free  Library  are  circulated 
only  within  the  city  limits,  but  those  belonging  to  the  Pennsylvania 
Home  Teaching  Society  (see  reference  to  this  organization  above), 
are  sent  anywhere  in  the  United  States,  except  where  borrowers  may 
be  supplied  from  a  nearer  source.  Embossed  lists  of  the  books  are 
loaned  free.     Librarian-in-charge,  -Mrs.  Liborio  Delfino. 

Philadelphia,  Overbrook,  School  for  the  Blind.  Nineteen  thousand, 
nine  hundred  and  forty-one  volumes;  1,175  titles.  Books  are  circu- 
lated anywhere  in  the  United  States  when  they  cannot  be  secured  else- 
where. A  list  of  all  publications  in  American  Braille  can  be  bought 
for  9  cents. 

Pittsburgh,  Carnegie  Library.  Two  thousand,  six  hundred  and 
twenty-seven  volumes;  1,052  titles.  Books  are  circulated  through 
Western  Pennsylvania.  Ink  print  catalog,  10c ;  Braille  and  Moon  lists 
loaned  to  readers. 

Pittsburgh,  School  for  the  Blind.  One  thousand  volumes.  Books 
I o; i ned  in  Western  Pennsylvania. 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  97 

RHODE  ISLAND. 

Home  Teaching  for  the  Adult  Blind.  Home  teaching  at  state  ex- 
pense was  begun  in  Rhode  Island  in  1904,  and  is  now  conducted  under 
the  direction  of  the  State  Board  of  Education.  Two  teachers  are  em- 
ployed. The  instruction  given  is  similar  to  that  provided  by  other 
home  teaching  organizations  generally. 

State  Aid  for  Blind  Infants  and  Youths.  Rhode  Island  makes  pro- 
vision of  $1.00  a  day  for  the  care,  medical  treatment,  maintenance, 
and  education  of  blind  infants  and  children  under  school  age  whose 
parents  are  unable  properly  to  care  for  them.  These  infants  may  be 
sent  to  a  nursery  for  blind  babies  outside  of  the  state.  When  blind 
children  are  old  enough  to  go  to  a  school  for  the  blind  the  state  will 
pay  for  their  tuition  while  attending  such  institution  in  a  neighbor- 
ing state. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

School  for  the  Deaf  and  Blind,  Cedar  Spring.  Founded,  1849. 
Capacity,  100  blind;  valuation  of  plant,  $155,000  (both  departments). 
Annual  state  appropriation.  $35,000  (both  departments).  The  school 
owns  150  acres  of  land,  10  of  which  are  available  for  athletics.  There 
is  a  gymnasium.  For  requirements  for  admission,  course,  term  and 
purpose  of  instruction,  see  the  Introduction  to  this  section.  Superin- 
tendent, N.  F.  Walker. 

Library  for  the  Blind,  Cedar  Spring,  School  for  the  Blind.  One 
thousand  volumes;  400  titles.  Books  are  circulated  throughout  the 
state. 

SOUTH  DAKOTA. 

School  for  the  Blind,  <!<inj.  Founded,  1900.  Capacity,  50.  Valua- 
tion of  plant,  $70,000.  Annual  state  appropriation,  $15,000.  The 
school  owns  20  acres  of  land,  14  of  which  are  available  for  athletics. 
There  is  a  gymnasium.  Requirements  for  admission,  course,  term, 
and  purpose  of  instruction  are  similar  to  those  outlined  in  the  Intro- 
duction to  this  section  except  that  pupils  are  admitted  up  to  30  years 
of  age.  This  school  has  the  unique  feature  in  this  country  of  having 
always  had  a  woman  as  superintendent.  Superintendent,  Mrs.  Lelia 
M.  Curl. 

State  Aid  for  Blind  Infants.  South  Dakota  makes  provision  of  $1.00 
a  day  for  the  care,  medical  treatment,  maintenance  and  education  of 
blind  infants  and  children  under  school  age  whose  parents  are  unable 
to  properly  care  for  them.  These  infants  may  be  sent  to  a  nursery 
for  blind  babies  outside  of  the  state.     When  blind  children  are  old 


98  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

enough  to  go  to  a  school  for  the  blind,  the  state  will  pay  for  their  tui- 
tion while  attending  sueh  institution  in  a  neighboring  state. 

Libraries  for  tin  Blind,  Gary,  School  for  the  Blind.  One  thousand 
three  hundred  and  thirteen  volumes.  The  books  are  circulated  only 
among  pupils  of  the  school. 

TENNESSEE. 

School  for  the  Blind,  Nashville.  Founded,  1844.  Capacity,  225. 
Valuation  of  plant,  $230,000.  Annual  state  appropriation,  $35,000. 
The  school  owns  10  acres  of  land.  There  is  a  gymnasium.  For  re- 
quirements for  admission,  course,  term,  and  purpose  of  instruction,  see 
the  Introduction  to  this  section.    Superintendent,  John  V.  Armstrong. 

Home  for  Blind  Women,  Nashville.  Founded,  1903.  Capacity,  20. 
Supported  by  donations  and  state  aid,  the  amount  of  the  latter  for 
the  past  two  years  being  $135.00  per  capita,  per  annum.  The  women 
help  with  the  housework.  Applicants  must  live  in  Tennessee,  must  be 
of  good  moral  character  and  have  no  contagious  disease.  If  possessed 
of  any  property,  it  must  be  given  into  the  general  funds.  The  Home 
is  under  the  auspices  of  the  Fear  Not  Circle,  King's  Daughters. 

Library  for  the  Blind,  Nashville,  School  for  the  Blind.  Six  thou- 
sand volumes.     Books  are  circulated  throughout  the  state. 

TEXAS. 

School  for  the  Blind,  Austin.  Founded,  1856.  Capacity,  260. 
Valuation  of  plant,  $300,000.  Annual  state  appropriation,  $85,000. 
Recent  appropriation  of  $300,000  for  new  buildings.  The  school  owns 
75  acres  of  land ;  all  that  is  needed  is  used  for  athletics.  There  are  two 
gymnasia  and  a  swimming  pool.  For  requirements  for  admission, 
course,  term,  and  purpose  of  instruction,  see  the  Introduction  to  this 
section.     Superintendent,  E.  E.  Bramlette. 

Library  for  the  Blind,  Austin,  School  for  the  Blind.  Seven  thou- 
sand, five  hundred  volumes;  600  to  800  titles.  Books  are  circulated 
throughout  the  state. 

"      UTAH. 

School  for  the  Deaf  and  the  Blind,  Ogdcn.  Founded,  1896.  Capac- 
ity, 50;  attendance,  35  (blind).  Valuation  of  plant.  $300,000  (both 
departments).  Annual  state  appropriation,  $50,000.  When  the  state 
of  Utah  was  created  the  enabling  act  called  for  the  creation  and  main- 
tenance of  a  school  for  the  deaf  and  the  blind  and  presented  100,000 
acres  of  land  as  auxiliary  aid  in  the  support  of  the  institution.  The 
school  owns  195  acres  of  land,  4  of  which  are  available  for  athletics. 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  99 

There  is  a  gymnasium  and  a  swimming  pool.  For  requirements  for 
admission,  course,  term,  and  purpose  of  instruction,  see  the  Introduc- 
tion to  this  section.    Superintendent,  Frank  M.  Driggs. 

Commission  for  the  Blind.  Created  in  1909.  Four  thousand  dollars 
was  appropriated  for  the  first  two  years.  The  activities  of  the  Com- 
mission were  similar  to  those  indicated  under  "Commissions  for  the 
Blind"  in  the  Introduction  to  this  section.  The  Commission  no  longer 
exists. 

Libraries  for  the  Blind,  Ogden,  School  for  the  Blind.  Five  hundred 
and  fifty  volumes;  400  titles.  Books  are  circulated  throughout  the 
state. 

Salt  Lake  City,  Public  Library.  Auxiliary  of  the  Reading  Room  for 
the  Blind.  One  hundred  and  eighty-seven  volumes.  Books  are  cir- 
culated in  Salt  Lake  City  and  community.  A  teacher  is  employed  by 
the  Auxiliary  to  teach  at  the  library. 

Society  for  the  Aid  of  the  Sightless,  Provo.  Organized  in  1904. 
Helped  to  bring  about  the  establishment  .of  the  Commission  for  the 
Blind.  Since  1913,  it  publishes  the  "Messenger  to  the  Sightless,"  a 
monthly  magazine  in  Braille. 

VERMONT. 

The  Austine  Institution,  Brattleboro.  Incorporated,  1904;  opened, 
1912,  as  a  result  of  the  bequest  of  Col.  William  Austine,  and  of  addi- 
tional money  appropriated  by  the  state.  The  School  receives  a  yearly 
per  capita  allowance  for  the  board  and  tuition  of  each  pupil  designated 
by  the  state.  All  other  expenses  are  paid  by  parents  or  guardians. 
For  paying  pupils,  the  fee  is  $400  per  year  for  board  and  tuition.  This 
school  is  intended  for  the  education  of  wholly  or  partially  deaf  or 
blind  children.  At  present  there  are  five  blind  pupils.  The  school 
owns  212  acres  of  ground.    Principal,  Helen  G.  Throckmorton. 

VIRGINIA. 

School  for  the  Deaf  and  Blind,  Staunton.  Founded,  1839.  Capac- 
ity, 80.  Valuation  of  plant,  $200,000  (both  departments).  State  ap- 
propriation, $16,800  for  the  present  fiscal  year  (both  departments). 
The  school  owns  96  acres  of  land,  4  of  which  are  available  for  athletics. 
There  is  a  gymnasium.  Requirements  for  admission,  course,  term  and 
purpose  of  instruction,  see  the  Introduction  to  this  section.  Superin- 
tendent, Wm.  A.  Bowles. 

School  for  the  Colored  Deaf  and  Blind,  Newport  News.  Founded, 
1906.    Capacity,  150.    Valuation  of  plant,  $125,000.    Annual  state  ap- 


100  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

propriation,  $25,000.    The  school  owns  88  acres  of  land,  3  of  which  are 
available  for  athletics.    Superintendent,  Wm.  C.  Ritter. 

Library  for  the  Blind,  Staunton,  School  for  the  Deaf  and  Blind. 
One  thousand  titles.     Books  are  circulated  throughout  the  state. 

WASHINGTON. 

School  for  the  Blind,  Vancouver.  Founded.  1906.  Capacity,  65. 
Valuation  of  plant.  $110,000.  Annual  state  appropriation,  $61,000. 
The  school  owns  6  acres  of  land,  three  quarters  of  an  acre  being  used 
for  athletics.  There  is  a  gymnasium.  For  requirements  for  admis- 
sion, course,  term,  and  purpose  of  instruction,  see  the  Introduction  to 
this  section.     Superintendent,  Mrs.  W.  B.  Hall. 

Seattle  Association  for  the  Blind.  Secretary,  M.  Callaghan.  Mem- 
hership,  40. 

Libraries  for  the  Blind,  Seattle,  Public  Library.  Six  hundred  and 
thirty  volumes;  376  titles.  Books  may  be  sent  anywhere.  A  typewrit- 
ten catalog  available  without  charge. 

Spokane,  Public  Library.  Fifty-six  volumes <  18  titles.  Books  may 
be  circulated  only  in  Spokane. 

Vancouver,  School  for  the  Blind.  Seven  hundred  and  fifty  volumes; 
165  titles.     Books  may  be  circulated  throughout  the  state. 

WEST  VIRGINIA. 

School  for  the  Deaf  and  the  Blind,  liomney.  Founded.  1870. 
Capacity,  85  blind.  Valuation  of  plant,  $350,000.  Annual  state  appro- 
priation. $65,000  for  current  support  (both  departments).  Ten 
thousand  dollars  for  betterments.  School  owns  150  acres  of  land,  4 
of  which  are  used  for  athletics.  There  is  a  gymnasium  in  the  basement 
of  the  school  building.  For  requirements  for  admission,  course;  term 
and  purpose  of  instruction,  see  the  Introduction  of  this  section.  Super- 
intendent, Parley  De  Berry. 

Library  for  the  Blind,  Romney,  School  for  the  Blind.  One  thou- 
sand, five  hundred  volumes.  Books  are  circulated  throughout  the 
state. 

WYOMING. 

The  education  of  blind  youth  is  provided  at  state  expense  by  send- 
ing pupils  to  schools  for  the  blind  in  neighboring  states. 

WISCONSIN. 

School  for  ih<  Blind,  Janesville.  Founded,  1849.  Capacity,  150. 
Valuation  of  plant,  $300,000.    Annual  state  appropriation,  operation, 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  101 

$50,000;  repairs  and  maintenance,,  $10,000;  new  buildings,  $15,000. 
The  school  owns  65  acres  of  land,  5  of  which  are  available  for  athletics. 
There  is  a  gymnasium.  For  requirements  for  admission,  course,  term 
and  purpose  of  instruction,  see  the  Introduction  to  this  section.  Su- 
perintendent, J.  T.  Hooper. 

Co-education  of  the  Blind  and  the  Seeing  in  the  Public  Schools  of 
Milwaukee.  Classes  for  blind  children  were  opened  in  November,  1907. 
There  are  four  centers  for  children  in  the  various  grades,  and  three 
high  schools  that  admit  pupils.  The  enrollment  is  57.  The  youngest 
pupil,  5  years  old,  attends  the  kindergarten,  and  the  oldest,  20  years,  is 
studying  in  high  school.  For  details  of  the  public  school  method  of 
educating  the  blind,  see  the  Introduction  to  this  section.  Teacher  in 
charge,  Miss  Carrie  B.  Levy. 

Co-education  of  the  Wind  and  the  Seeing,  in  the  Public  Schools  of 
Racine.  One  center  was  opened  in  February,  1909.  Enrollment,  6. 
The  youngest  pupil  is  12,  and  the  oldest  14.  Details  of  this  method  of 
instruction  will  be  found  in  the  Introduction  to  this  section.  Teacher 
in  charge,  Catherine  M.  Light. 

Workshop  for  the  Blind.  Milwaukee.  Established,  1903.  Number 
of  blind  employees,  35.  They  occupy  rented  quarters.  Annual  state 
appropriation,  $8,455  for  operation  of  the  workshop,  rent,  power,  light, 
salary  of  superintendent,  and  instructors;  $600  annually  for  purchase 
of  machinery  and  equipment,  furniture,  furnishings,  and  other  per- 
manent improvements.  Allowance  for  labor  to  blind  workmen  in 
1915  was  $11,706.31,  representing  profit  above  the  cost  of  material. 
All  men  are  paid  by  piece  work.  Indigent  blind  are  allowed  the  dif- 
ference between  their  earnings  and  their  board  and  lodging  while 
learning  a  trade ;  the  allowance  not  to  exceed  $75.00  in  any  one  case. 
Superintendent,   Oscar  Kustermann. 

P<  usions  far  the  Blind.  The  sum  of  $25.00  is  paid  quarterly  to  blind 
males  over  21  and  females  over  18  years  of  age,  and  not  inmates  of 
any  institution  and  having  an  income  of  less  than  $250.00  per  annum. 
Applicant  must  have  been  a  resident  of  the  state  for  10  years  and 
county  three  years.  Payment  of  this  relief  is  at  the  discretion  of  the 
County  Board.     The  law  has  been  in  operation  since  1907. 

Wisconsin  Association  for  the  Blind.  Incorporated,  May,  1912. 
Its  purpose  is  to  "promote  the  interests  of  the  blind  and  to  secure  suf- 
ficient legislation  towards  prevention  of  blindness."  It  is  supported 
by  membership  fees.  In  addition  to  the  charter  members  any  person 
may  become  a  member  by  paying  the  annual  dues.  Headquarters  are 
located  at  the  place  of  business  of  the  secretary.  Secretary.  Carrie 
B.  Levy,  Board  of  Education,  Milwaukee. 


102  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

Libraries  for  the  Blind.  Janesville,  School  for  the  Blind.  Six  thou- 
sand two  hundred  and  eighty-five  volumes ;  519  titles.  The  books  are 
circulated  throughout  the  United  States. 

Milwaukee,  Public  Library.  Three  hundred  and  fifty  volumes ;  254 
titles.     Books  are  circulated  in  Milwaukee. 

CANADA. 

NOVA  SCOTIA. 

Halifax  School  for  the  Blind.  Founded,  1867.  Opened,  1871. 
Capacity,  150.  Valuation  of  plant,  $160,000.  Supported  by  annual 
Government  grant  of  $5,000,  and  income  from  endowments.  The 
grounds  contain  four  acres,  two  of  which  are  available  for  recreational 
purposes.     There  are  two  gymnasia. 

This  School  is  a  monument  to  the  ability  and  devotion  of  a  blind 
man  who  has  been  superintendent  of  the  institution  since  it  was  estab- 
lished. In  addition  to  the  usual  industries  referred  to  in  the  Intro- 
duction to  this  section  the  girls  are  given  a  course  in  shampooing. 
Aside  from  the  fact  that  this  fits  each  girl  to  take  the  best  personal 
care  of  herself,  it  frequently  happens  that  it  becomes  a  source  of  in- 
come after  she  returns  to  her  home.  While  it  is  doubtless  a  fact  that 
many  of  the  schools  on  this  continent  have  admirable  mottoes,  our 
most  northeasterly  outpost  has  one  that  might  well  be  hung  in  every 
school  for  the  blind,  and  it  should  certainly  be  adopted  by  those  who 
want  to  help  the  sightless.  It  is,  "Opportunity,  Occupation,  Optimism." 
The  superintendent,  Sir  Frederick  Fraser,  has  won  for  himself  such 
recognition  in  the  community  as  a  valuable  citizen  that  he  had 
the  unique  distinction  of  being  called  to  the  bar  of  the  legislature  and 
publicly  thanked  forhis  services.  A  similar  event  had  not  taken  place 
in  the  province  for  84  years.  In  June,  1915,  this  splendid  leader  of 
the  blind  was  still  further  honored,  having  been  knighted  by  King 
George.  It  is  noteworthy  that  the  only  two  men  working  for  the 
benefit  of  the  blind  who  have  received  such  an  honor  at  the  hands  of 
the  British  sovereign  are  both  blind,  and  both  have  virtually  created 
the  schools  over  which  they  presided  for  40  years.  It  is  remarkable, 
also,  that  they  began  their  respective  schools  within  12  months  of  each 
other.  The  first  (to  whom  we  have  referred)  is  Sir  Frederick  Fraser. 
of  the  School  in  Halifax,  and  the  other  is  Sir  Francis  Campbell,  of 
the  Royal  Normal  College  for  the  Blind,  London,  England. 

Home  Teaching  Society  for  the  Blind.  Headquarters  at  School  for 
the  Blind,  Halifax,  N.  S. 

Maritime  Association  for  the  Blind.     Founded,  1908.     The  organi- 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  103 

zation  is  maintained  by  subscriptions,  and  income  from  endowments. 
There  is  an  annual  fee  of  $1.00.  It  is  the  purpose  of  the  organization 
to  care  for  graduates  and  procure  ready  employment  for  them.  Head- 
quarters at  Halifax  School  for  the  Blind.  President,  S.  R.  Hussey, 
School  for  the  Blind,  Halifax,  N.  S. 

Libraries  for  the  Blind.  Halifax,  Circulating  Library  for  the  Blind. 
Five  hundred  volumes,  350  titles.  The  books  are  circulated  throughout 
Canada  and  Newfoundland. 

QUEBEC. 

School  for  the  Blind,  Sherbrook  St.,  West.,  Notre  Dame  de  Grace. 
Founded,  1912.  Capacity,  40.  Valuation  of  plant,  $100,000.  Sup- 
ported by  voluntary  contributions.  The  school  owns  10  acres  of  land, 
5  of  which  are  available  for  athletics.  There  is  a  gymnasium.  For 
requirements  for  admission,  course,  terms,  and  purpose  of  instruction, 
see  Introduction  to  this  section.     Director,  P.  E.  Layton. 

Montreal  Association  for  the  Blind.  Founded,  1908.  Supported  by 
voluntary  contributions.  A  broom  shop,  giving  employment  to  14 
men,  is  operated.  Valuation  of  broom  shop  building,  $35,000.  The 
Association  for  the  Blind  is  entirely  responsible  for  the  ■  raising  of 
funds  and  founding  of  the  school  for  the  blind.  At  the  present  time 
the  school  for  the  blind  youtli  and  the  workshop  are  located  on  the 
same  lot  of  land.  The  president  of  the  association 4is  Lt.  Col.  E.  B. 
Busteed.  Honorary  Treasurer,  Philip  E.  Layton;  Honorary  Secre- 
tary, Mrs.  Philip  E.  Layton. 

The  Nazareth  Asylum,  95  St.  Catherine  St.,  W.,  Montreal.  A 
French  Catholic  institution.  A  school  and  home.  One  hundred  French 
blind  in  the  institution.  Supported  by  a  government  grant  and  private 
funds. 

The  Mackay  Institute  for  the  Deaf  and  the  Blind,  221  Boulevard  De 
Carie,  Montreal.  Began  taking  pupils  in  1876.  This  is  a  protestant 
institution  for  English-speaking  deaf  and  blind.  Supported  by  a  gov- 
ernment grant  and  private  subscriptions.  At  present  there  are  only 
six  blind  children  at  the  Mackay  Institute. 

Libraries  for  the  Blind.  Montreal,  School  for  the  Blind.  Six  hun- 
dred volumes.     Books  loaned  to  the  blind  of  the  province  of  Quebec. 

ONTARIO. 

School  for  the  Blind,  Brantford.  Founded,  1872.  Capacity,  150. 
Valuation  of  plant,  $400,000.  Annual  cost  to  Provincial  Government, 
$47,749.66.  The  school  grounds  comprise  104  acres,  of  which  about 
half  is  cultivated,  the  remainder  being  lawn  and  shrubbery.     Ten 


104  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

acres  are  available  for  athletics.  There  is  a  gymnasium.  For  re- 
quirements for  admission,  course,  term,  and  purpose  of  instruction, 
see  the  Introduction  to  this  section.     Superintendent,  H.  F.  Gardiner. 

Libraries  for  the  Blind.  Brantford,  School  for  the  Blind.  Two 
thousand  volumes  for  circulation  among  the  blind  throughout  the 
province.  The  books  used  in  the  Ontario  public  schools  are  printed 
in  New  York  Point  at  the  Brantford  School  for  the  use  of  the  pupils, 
also  hymn  and  song  books  and  music  for  piano  and  organ.  It  is  very 
interesting  to  note  that  Superintendent  Gardiner  has  worked  out  a 
practical  set  of  instructions  to  enable  relatives  or  friends  (without 
preliminary  study,  training,  or  instruction)  to  te.ach  the  blind  at  their 
homes  to  read  New  York  Point.  The  sheets  are  printed  in  ink-print 
and  in  New  York  Point,  and  Mr.  Gardiner  is  pleased  to  supply  appli- 
cants without  charge  no  matter  in  what  country  they  may  live.  The 
system  is  particularly  useful  to  men  and  women  who  lose  their  sight 
when  too  old  to  attend  school. 

Library  for  the  Blind.  Toronto,  Canadian  Free  Library  for  the 
Blind.  Four  thousand  two  hundred  and  fifty-seven  volumes;  1280 
titles;  1500  musical  selections.  Books  are  circulated  free  throughout 
Canada,  and  loaned  occasionally  to  readers  in  the  United  States.  The 
library  is  supported  partly  by  grants  from  several  provincial  govern- 
ments but  mainly  by  private  contributions. 

NATIONAL  WORK  FOR  THE  BLIND  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

American  Association  of  Instructors  of  the  Blind.  On  August  16, 
1853,  delegates  from  fourteen  different  institutions,  representing  as 
many  states,  met  in  accordance  with  previous  arrangements  at  the 
New  York  Institution,  and  effected  the  organization  of  the  body  which 
has  since  been  so  potent  a  factor  in  advancing  the  interests  of  the 
blind.  This  was  a  notable  event.  It  was  the  first  meeting  of  the 
kind  ever  held  on  the  American  continent.  It  was  presided  over  by 
Dr.  Samuel  G.  Howe.  The  immediate  object  of  this  meeting  was  to 
discuss  the  propriety  of  petitioning  Congress  to  grant  a  subsidy  for 
a  permanent  printing  fund  for  the  use  of  the  blind,  and  although 
other  questions  were  considered,  they  seem  of  small  importance 
in  comparison  with  this.  The  agitation  on  this  subject  lie- 
gun  then  did  not  cease  until  March,  1879,  when  an  act  was 
passed  by  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  setting  apart,  as  a 
perpetual  fund,  $250,000,  the  interest  of  which  is  annually  used 
in  providing  books  and  apparatus  suitable  for  instructing  the  blind. 
This  result  alone  justifies  the  existence  of  the  association.  Consider 
for  a  moment,  what  was  involved  therein.    It  was  the  first  recognition 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  105 

by  the  general  government  that  the  blind  had  any  rights  which  de- 
served its  respect.  It  had  made  provision  by  grants  of  land  to  further 
the  education  of  seeing  children,  it  had  aided  the  deaf  and  dumb,  it 
had  considered  the  Indian  and  the  Negro,  and  it  had  not  refused  to 
allow  the  alien  participation  in  these  privileges;  but  until  this  act 
passed  the  children  who  live  in  continuous  night  had  been  neglected 
and  ignored.  It  was  a  triumph  of  human  rights,  and  it  germinated  in 
the  first  meeting  of  the  association. 

The  second  convention  was  not  held  until  August,  1871.  It  met 
at  the  Indiana  Institution  in  Indianapolis,  pursuant  to  a  circular 
issued  by  W.  H.  Churchman,  superintendent,  in  which  the  immediate 
object  of  the  meeting  was  declared  to  be  the  adoption  of  a  uniform 
system  of  printing;  for  the  blind.  This  convention  approved  the  books 
printed  in  the  modified  Roman  lower  case  type,  known  as  the  Boston 
letter,  and  also  those  printed  in  the  combined  system  of  the  capital 
and  angular  lower  case  letter.  At  the  same  time  it  was  resolved  that 
the  New  York  horizontal  point  alphabet,  as  arranged  by  Mr.  Wait, 
should  be  taught  in  all  institutions  for  the  blind.  This  was  the  begin- 
ning of  the  agitation  with  reference  to  point  print.  There  were  also 
discussions  on  the  capacity  of  the  blind  to  engage  in  commercial 
and  domestic  pursuits,  concerning  the  teaching  of  more  manual  arts 
in  the  schools,  with  reference  to  the  education  of  the  deaf  and  dumb 
and  the  blind  in  the  same  institution,  and  regarding  musical  educa- 
tion, besides  other  minor  questions. 

Since  1871  the  American  Association  of  Instructors  of  the  Blind 
have  met  nearly  every  other  year  at  various  institutions  throughout 
the  country.  When  the  United*  States  Government  set  aside  funds 
for  the  production  of  books  for  the  education  of  blind  children,  the 
superintendents  of  schools  were  practically  made  an  advisory  commit- 
tee of  the  American  Printing  House  for  the  Blind,  and  this  fact  gave 
a  real  reason  for  the  actual  coming  together  of  the  superintendents. 
While  the  type  question  has  been  a  fertile  source  of  discussion  from 
the  very  foundation  of  this  organization,  helpful  papers  have  been 
presented  upon  all  phases  of  work  for  and  by  the  blind.  Secretary, 
George  D.  Eaton,  superintendent,  School  for  the  Blind,  Vinton,  Iowa. 

AMERICAN  ASSOCIATION  OF  WORKERS  FOR  THE  BLIND. 

In  the  spring  of  1895  some  graduates  of  the  Missouri  School  for 
the  Blind  sent  invitations  to  a  number  of  persons  believed  to  be  inter- 
ested in  securing  permanent  provision  for  the  higher  education  of 
the  blind,  and  a  meeting  was  held  in  St.  Louis  in  September  of  that 
year  which  resulted  in  an  organization  entitled  the  Missouri  National 


106  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

College  Association,  the  purpose  of  which  was  to  secure  from  the 
Federal  Government  an  appropriation  to  establish  a  college  for  the 
blind.  The  second  convention  was  held  in  1896,  again  in  St.  Louis,  and 
the  special  college  idea  was  found  to  be  unpopular  and  was  abandoned. 
The  local  organization  was  then  placed  upon  a  national  basis,  and  the 
name  changed  to  The  American  Blind  Peoples'  Higher  Education 
and  General  Improvement  Association. 

Other  meetings  were  held  from  year  to  year  and  gradually  this 
organization  interested  itself  in  all  phases  of  work  for  the  blind.  At 
the  eighth  convention,  which  met  at  the  Michigan  Employment  Insti- 
tution for  the  Blind  in  1905,  a  revised  constitution  was  adopted  and 
the  name  changed  to  The  American  Association  of  Workers  for  the 
Blind  and,  by  receiving  most  of  the  workers  present  into  member- 
ship, one  of  the  ideals  of  the  early  promoters  was  realized — a  perfect 
union  of  the  blind  and  those  actively  engaged  in  work  for  the  blind. 
From  that  time  to  the  present  meetings  of  this  Association  have  been 
held  during  the  odd  years  so  that  there  would  be  no  conflict  with  the 
meetings  of  the  A.  A.  I.  B.  which  holds  its  meetings  during  the  even 
years.  The  A.  A.  W.  B.,  like  that  of  the  older  organization,  soon 
became  interested  in  the  difficult  type  question  and  appointed  a  com- 
mittee of  blind  men  and  women  which  has  been  known  as  the  ' '  Uniform 
Type  Committee"  which  has  worked  for  ten  years  upon  this  compli- 
cated subject. 

The  A.  A.  "W.  B.,  like  the  A.  A.  I.  B.,  has  held  discussions  relative 
to  all  phases  of  work  for  the  blind.  The  only  difference  between 
the  two  organizations  is  that  the  older  association  confines  its  mem- 
bership to  those  concerned  with  the  education  of  blind  youth,  while 
the  A.  A.  W.  B.  includes  not  only  these  but  all  others  who  are  inter- 
ested in  any  work  for  the  blind.  It  may  be  said  that  the  greatest 
work  accomplished  by  the  younger  society  is  that  it  has  brought  about 
a  better  understanding  between  the  blind  and  all  workers  for  the 
blind.  Secretary.  Charles  F.  F.  Campbell,  superintendent,  School  for 
the  Blind,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

UNIFORM    TYPE    COMMISSION 

In  1915  the  A.  A.  I.  B.  and  the  A.  A.  W.  B.  (just  referred  to)  held 
their  conferences  in  California.  The  final  report  of  the  Uniform  Type 
Committee,  of  the  A.  A.  W.  B.,  was  presented  and  accepted.  This 
report  recommended,  among  other  things,  the  establishment  of  a  Uni- 
form Type  Commission  which  should  represent  both  organizations 
and  have  the  power  to  confer  with  a  similar  commission  in  England. 
This  Commission  was  composed  of  a  representative  from  each  organiza- 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  107 

tion  and  a  third  chosen  by  these  two,  together  with  the  presidents  of 
both  organizations  as  members  ex-officio  and  one  honorary  member. 
This  Commission  presented  its  report  at  the  1916  convention  of  the 
American  Association  of  Instructors  of  the  Blind  and  the  following 
resolutions  were  adopted : 

First — That  the  American  Association  of  Instructors  of  the  Blind 
in  convention  assembled  adopt  officially  and  urge  upon  the  blind  of 
America  and  those  interested  in  the  work  for  the  blind  to  adopt  indi- 
vidually and  officially  "Revised  Braille,"  Grades  I  and  II,  as  now 
authorized  in  Great  Britain,  Provided  however,  that  the  duly  au- 
thorized English  Committee  on  Uniform  Type  come  to  a  full  agree- 
ment with  our  American  Commission  on  Uniform  Type  for  the  Blind 
concerning  such  modifications  in  "Revised  Braille"  as  have  been 
proposed  by  the  American  Commission  or  as  may  be  proposed  by 
either  the  American  Commission  on  Uniform  Type  or  the  English 
Committee  on  Uniform  Type. 

Second — That  the  Commission  on  Uniform  Type  be  continued  and 
that  it  be  expanded  to  include  representatives  of  residential  schools, 
public  schools  having  classes  for  the  blind,  home  teachers,  embossed 
printing  presses  and  libraries  for  the  blind,  these  representatives  to 
he  named  by  the  President  of  the  American  Association  of  Instructors 
of  the  Blind  after  due  consultation  witli  the  President  of  the  American 
Association  of  Workers  for  the  Blind.  Executive  Secretary,  H.  Ran- 
dolph Latimer,  222:}  North  Charles  Street,  Baltimore,  Md. 

AMERICAN    PRINTING    HOUSE  FOR  THE   BLIND.   LOUISVILLE,   KY. 

Established,  1858,  by  an  act  of  the  general  assembly  of  Kentucky. 
At  first,  its  resources  were  derived  from  a  concession  of  the  state  of 
Kentucky  of  $5.00  a  year  for  each  blind  person  in  the  state.  In  1879 
the  U.  S.  Government  set  aside  a  fund  providing  an  annual  subsidy 
for  this  National  printing  house  of  $10,000.  The  books  produced 
from  this  national  grant  are  divided  upon  a  per  capita  basis  to  all 
of  the  schools  throughout  the  country.  In  1883  a  fund  of  $40,000  had 
accumulated  from  the  state  of  Kentucky  with  which  a  building  Avas 
erected.  Unfortunately  the  national  subsidy  has  not  been  increased 
to  keep  pace  with  the  increase  in  the  blind  population  of  the  country, 
and,  at  the  present  time,  a  much  larger  fund  could  profitably  be  used. 
Superintendent,  B.  B.  Huntoon.  See,  also.  Alphabets  and  literature 
for  the  blind. 

THE  LIBRARY  OF   CONGRESS,  READING   ROOM   FOR  THE  BLIND. 

In  1897  there  was  opened  in  the  Library  of  Congress  a  "Room  for 
the  Blind."     This  room  serves  as  a  repository  for  books  used  by  the 


108  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

blind  and  for  a  collection  of  the  apparatus  employed  by  the  blind  to 
gain  an  education,  and  many  articles  made  by  the  blind.  The  blind 
of  the  District  of  Columbia  come  to  this  room  not  only  to  secure  books 
but  also  to  attend  occasional  entertainments  given  for  their  benefit 
by  artists  who  are  visiting  or  living  in  Washington.  One  of  the  most 
valuable  features  of  this  room  is  that  it  brings  to  the  attention  of 
thousands  of  sightseers,  who  annually  pass  through  Washington,  the 
knowledge  that  good  work  is  being  done  for  the  blind  throughout  the 
country.  It  frequently  happens  that  a  visitor  from  a  distance  has 
derived  his  first  impulse  to  help  in  work  for  the  blind  of  his  home 
state  because  of  the  things  he  saw  made  for  and  by  the  blind  at  the 
Library  of  Congress. 

There  are  today  about  4,000  volumes  in  all  the  various  systems  of 
types  available  at  the  library.  So  far  as  its  collection  permits,  books 
are  loaned  to  those  outside  of  the  District  of  Columbia  if  borrowers 
are  unable  to  secure  the  books  they  desire  in  their  own  locality  or  in 
a  neighboring  state.  An  ink-print  catalog  will  be  sent  free  upon  ap- 
plication.   Librarian-in-charge,  Mrs.  Gertrude  T.  Rider. 

NATIONAL  LIBRARY  FOR  THE  BLIND,  1729  H  ST.,  N.  W.,  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

Founded,  1913.  Supported  by  voluntary  contributions.  As  the 
name  implies,  this  institution  is  a  library,  though  an  effort  is  being 
made  to  produce  books  and  to  a  limited  extent  this  is  being  done  as 
a  result  of  blind  labor.  Books  are  published  in  English  Braille.  There 
are  1074  volumes  and  511  titles  available.  Books  may  be  circulated 
throughout  the  United  States.  Ink-print  catalogs  are  furnished  free 
and  the  same  in  English  Braille  are  sold  for  ten  cents  each.  Librarian, 
Miss  Etta  Josslyn  Giffen. 

AMERICAN  LIBRARY  ASSOCIATION* — COMMITTEE  ON  WORK  WITH  THE  BLIND. 

Appointed  to  report  progress  in  library  facilities  for  the  blind  and 
recommend  advance.  Chairman,  Mrs.  Gertrude  T.  Rider,  Library  of 
Congress,  Washington,  D.  C. 

AMERICAN    MEDICAL    ASSOCIATION — SUB-COMMITTEE   ON    CONSERVATION   OF 
VISION  OF  COMMITTEE  ON    HEALTH   AND  PIBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Organized.  1907.  Publishes  pamphlets  by  members  of  the  medical 
profession  on  conservation  of  vision,  conducts  lecture  campaigns  and 
promotes  legislation.  Chairman,  Dr.  Prank  Allport,  7  Madison  Ave., 
Chicago,  111. 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  109 

NATIONAL    COMMITTEE    FOR    THE    PREVENTION    OF    BLINDNESS,    130    EAST 

22nd  street,  new  york  city. 

Established.  January  1,  1915.  Supported  by  voluntary  contribu- 
tions. This  committee  is  the  result  of  the  merger  of  the  American 
Association  of  Conservation  of  Vision  with  the  New  York  State  Com- 
mittee for  the  Prevention  of  Blindness.  It  carries  on  active  propo- 
ganda  for  prevention  of  blindness  and  conservation  of  vision,  its  pur- 
poses being: 

1.  To  endeavor  to  ascertain,  through  study  and  investigation,  any 
causes,  direct  or  indirect,  which  may  result  in  blindness  or  impaired 
vision.  2.  To  advocate  measures  which  shall  lead  to  the  elimination 
of  such  causes.  3.  To  disseminate  knowledge  concerning  all  matters 
pertaining  to  the  care  and  use  of  the  eyes.  At  the  present  time  the 
Committee  publishes  a  News  Letter  giving  information  of  the  move- 
ment; maintains  a  loan  collection  of  lantern  slides  for  illustrated  lec- 
tures; provides  lecturers,  and  publishes  literature  on  the  several  sub- 
jects connected  with  its  work.  Managing  Director.  Edward  M.  Van 
Cleve. 

THE  SOCIETY  FOR  PROVIDING   EVANGELICAL  RELIGIOUS  LITERATURE  FOR  THE 
BLIND.   39    WEST    32ND   STREET,    NEW    ViiliK,    N.   Y. 

Incorporated.  1879.  To  provide  religious  literature  in  embossed 
form  for  the  Mind.  Supported  by  voluntary  contributions.  Provides 
the  International  Sunday  School  Lessons  and  non-denominational  lit- 
erature for  the  blind  boys  and  girls,  teachers  and  pastors.  President, 
Rev.  Robert  Johnston,  D.  D.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

XAVIER     FREK     PUBLICATION     SOCIETY     FOR     THE     BLIND,     59     EAST     83RD 
STREET,    NEW    YORK    CITY. 

Incorporated,  1904.  Disseminates  Catholic  literature  among  the 
blind  of  the  United  States,  and  furnishes  to  all  libraries  for  the  blind, 
copies  of  its  publications  in  New  York  Point  and  in  Braille.  Pub- 
lishes also  the  Catholic  Transcript  for  the  Blind,  in  New  York  Point, 
and  the  Catholic  Rt  vu  W  for  the  Blind,  in  Braille— both  monthly  maga- 
zines.    Director,  Rev.  Joseph  M.  Stadelman,  S.  J. 

PERIODICALS   FOR   THE  BLIND    AND   THEIR   FRIENDS. 

American  Braille. 

Canada's  Premier  Magazine;  for  the  circulation  throughout  the 
Dominion,  published  by  the  Dominion  Tactile  Press,  275  Delaware 
Ave.,  Toronto,  Canada. 


HO  INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND 

Catholic  Review;  monthly,  published  by  the  Xavier  Free  Publica- 
tion Society  for  the  Blind,  824  Oakdale  Ave.,  Chicago,  111. 

Christian  Record;  monthly,  published  free  by  the  Christian  Record 
Publishing  Co.,  College  View,  Nebraska. 

Church  Items;  monthly,  except  July  and  August,  published  by 
Miss  S.  B.  Herreshoff,  Bristol,  R.  I. 

Gospel  Trumpet;  monthly,  published  by  the  Gospel  Trumpet  Co., 
Anderson,  Ind. ;  transcribed  from  the  ink-print.  Subscription  price, 
$1.50. 

Illuminator;  quarterly,  published  free  by  the  Holmes-Schenley 
Literary  Society  of  the  Pittsburgh  School  for  the  Blind,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Matilda  Ziegler  Magazin*  for  the  Blind;  monthly,  published  free 
by  The  Ziegler  Publishing  Co.,  250  West  54th  St.,  New  York  City. 
Walter  G.  Holmes,  President  and  Manager. 

This  magazine  is  published  monthly  in  raised  type  for  the  blind 
by  the  Matilda  Ziegler  Publishing  Company.  It  is  printed  in  both 
New  York  Point  and  American  Braille  and  is  sent  free  to  the  blind 
of  the  United  States  and  Canada.  It  contains  current  news  items  and 
fiction.  The  magazine  was  founded  in  1907  by  Mrs.  Matilda  Ziegler, 
of  New  York,  who  maintains  it  at  a  cost  of  over  $20,000  a  year.  Dur- 
ing this  century  no  single  effort  in  behalf  of  the  blind  has  brought 
so  much  happiness  to  those  who  spend  their  lives  in  darkness.  See, 
also.  Alphabets  and  literature  for  the  blind. 

Michigan  Herald;  monthly,  except  July  and  August,  published  by 
the  Michigan  School  for  the  Blind,  Lansing,  Mich.  Subscription 
price,  25  cents. 

Music  Survey;  monthly,  published  by  the  Novel  Music  Embossing 
Co.,  Jacksonville,  111.     Subscription  price,  $2.00. 

Searchlight;  published  free  by  the  New  York  Association  for  the 
Blind,  111  East  59th  St.,  New  York  City. 

Weekly  News;  weekly,  published  by  the  Novel  Music  Embossing 
Co.,  Jacksonville,  111.     Subscription  price,  $3.00. 

World  of  the  Blind;  monthly,  published  by  the  United  Workers 
for  the  Blind  of  Missouri,  2616  Gamble  St.,  St.  Louis,  Mo.  Subscrip- 
tion price.  $1.00. 

Neiv  York  Point. 

Catholic  Transcript;  monthly,  published  by  the  Xavier  Free  Pub- 
lication Society,  59  E.  83rd  St.,  New  York  City. 

Christian  Record;  monthly,  published  free  by  the  Christian  Record 
Publishing  Co.,  College  View,  Nebraska. 

Frc<    Press;  monthly,  Janesville.  Wis. 


INSTITUTIONS  FOR  THE  BLIND  111 

Lux  Vera;  monthly,  published  by  Joseph  Gockel,  834  36th  St.,  Mil- 
waukee, Wis.     Subscription  price,  $1.50. 

Matilda  Ziegler  Magazine  for  the  Blind;  monthly,  published  free 
by  the  Ziegler  Publishing  Co.,  250  West  54th  St.,  New  York  City. 
(See  item  under  American  Braille.) 

Music  Survey;  monthly,  published  by  the  Novel  Music  Embossing 
Co.,  Jacksonville,  111.     Subscription  price,  $2.00. 

Sunday  School  Quarterly;  published  by  the  Society  for  Providing 
Evangelical  Religious  Literature  for  the  Blind,  39  West  32nd  St.,  New 
York  City.     Subscription  price,  $1.00. 

Weekly  News;  weekly,  published  by  the  Novel  Music  Embossing 
Co.,  Jacksonville,  111.     Subscription  price.  $3.00. 

Weekly  Review;  weekly,  published  by  Joseph  Gockel,  834  36th  St., 
Milwaukee,  Wis.     Subscription  price,  $2.50. 

Ink  Print. 

The  Cincinnati  (ilooc ;  weekly,  published  by  Frank  Maciewski,  414 
Greenwood  Bldg.,  Cincinnati,  O.     Subscription  price,  $1.00. 

Outlook  for  the  Blind;  quarterly,  published  in  Columbus,  Ohio; 
edited  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles  P.  F.  Campbell.  Subscription  price, 
$1.00  a  year.  Founded  in  1S07  by  Charles  F.  F.  Campbell,  with  the 
support  of  the  Massachusetts  Association  for  the  Blind.  Later,  the 
American  Association  of  Workers  for  the  Blind  and  the  American 
Association  of  Instructors  of  the  Blind  made  the  magazine  their  of- 
ficial publication,  and  each  association  appoints  two  representatives 
on  the  editorial  staff,  but  they  do  not  finance  the  periodical.  There 
is  an  advisory  board  made  up  of  representatives  from  practically 
every  organization  working  in  the  interests  of  the  blind  in  America. 
A  complete  file  of  this  publication  from  1907  to  date  gives  latest  in-, 
formation  about  work  for  the  blind  throughout  the  English-speaking 
world.     Address:  "Outlook  for  the  Blind,"  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Voices  from  Darkland;  quarterly,  published  by  the  Columbus  Poly- 
technic Institute  for  the  Blind,  Washington,  D.  C.  Subscription 
price,  50  cents. 

World  of  the  Blind;  monthly,  published  by  the  United  Workers  for 
the  Blind  of  Missouri,  2616  Gamble  St.,  St.  Louis,  Mo.  Subscription 
price,  $1.00. 

Many  schools  for  the  deaf  carry  on  printing  departments  and  pub- 
lish school  papers.  When  a  school  for  the  blind  is  a  part  of  a  joint  in- 
stitution for  the  blind  and  the  deaf,  items  of  information  about  the 
work  of  the  blind  in  these  school  periodicals  are  printed.  We  do 
not  give  a  list  of  these  school  newspapers  as  they  confine  themselves 
almost  exclusively  to  local  matters. —  (C.  F.  F.  C.) 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 
BERKELEY 

Return  to  desk  from  which  borrowed. 
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RFXTO  LD 

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28Noy 

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PAT.  IAN.  21.  1908 


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